exam 2- evolution/development

Question 1

___ is a shortened term that describes the study of evolution through changes in development or form

Answer 1

evo/devo

Question 2

___ = changes at a species level (alterations in genes) standard set of evolution dynamics

Answer 2

microevolution

Question 3

___ changes = larger scale effects based on changes in modules

Answer 3

macroevolution

Question 4

___ are units that can be changed (parts of an organism body) without interfering with the function of other parts (segments)

at a gene level this can occur via ___ (simple gene duplications followed by a redifferentiation of function)

Answer 4

modules

molecular parsimony

Question 5

module ___ allow any particular gene to become expressed with a specific spatial or temporal regulation

Answer 5

enhancer elements

Question 6

how can you get changes in gene expression without drastically altering normal organism function?

Answer 6

molecular parsimony (the simplest version)
- gene duplication, followed by divergence
(neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization, duplication, gene loss/degeneration)

Question 7

___ is a gene related to a second gene evolutionarily (general term that can apply to either genes separated by speciation, ____; or from genetic duplication, ___

Answer 7

homolog

ortholog
paralog

Question 8

___ are related genes in different species, which have evolved from a common ancestral gene

Answer 8

ortholog

Question 9

___ are related genes within the same genome, which have appeared via a gene duplication

Answer 9

paralog

Question 10

orthologs are the result of ___
paralogs are the result of ___

Answer 10

speciation
gene duplication

Question 11

___ genes are transcription factor genes that specify body part or segment identity

Answer 11

Hox

Question 12

in flies, worms, mice, and humans, all ___ genes contain a segment called the homeobox

Answer 12

homeotic

Question 13

name 4 mechanisms of macroevolution change

Answer 13

affects regulatory regions of gene:
1- change of expression location (heterotopy)
2- change of expression timing/temporal expression (heterochrony)
3- change in expression amount (heterometry)

affects coding region of gene:
4- change in kind- functional property of protein (heterotypy)

Question 14

example of change in kind/function- heterotypy

Answer 14

Ubx sequence comparisons: addition of poly-alanine sequences –> represses leg formation

Question 15

only the ___ UBX, with the poly-ala functions to ___ leg formation (if it is replaced with non___ UBX, ___ are still formed

Answer 15

insect
repress

non-insect
more legs

Question 16

living insects have ___ pairs of legs, insect ancestors all appear to have ___ pair of legs

Answer 16

3
more than 3 pairs of legs