Exam 2 Equine

Question 1

Premed with _____ was associated with a reduced risk of anesthetic death

Answer 1

Acepromazine

Question 2

Normal heart rate for horses

Answer 2

20-45 beats per min

Question 3

2 most common arrhythmias in horses

Answer 3

1) Atrial fibrillation -> pathologic
2) 2nd degree AV block -> high vagal tone

Question 4

_____ common in horses over 10 years of age, house inside

Answer 4

COPD -> Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

(progressive lung disease)

will hear crackles and wheezes

Question 5

What drugs to use for COPD?

Answer 5

Bronchodilators

(clenbuterol/salbutamol)

Question 6

3 indications for use of Acepromazine

adjunct with other sedatives

Answer 6

1) Provides some level of transquilization
2) Cardioprotective
3) Associated with reduced risk of anesthetic mortality

Question 7

What drugs are potent sedatives and also anaglesics?

Answer 7

Alpha-2 agonist

Question 8

What alpha-2 agonist is commonly used in horses?

Answer 8

Romifidine

Question 9

What are the side effects of opioids in horses?

Answer 9

May cause excitement without other sedatives, give after alpha-2

Question 10

What are opioids used for?

Answer 10

Sedation and analgesia

Question 11

What is used for transquilisation of foals?

Answer 11

Benzodiazepines

Question 12

6 combos of induction of anesthesia

Answer 12

1) Ketamine alone after alpha-2
2) Ketamine + diazepam or midazolam
3) Ketamine + propofol
4) Ketamine + guaifenesin
5) Ketamine + guaifenesin + benzodiazepine
6) Ketamine + thiopental + guaifenesin

Also, thiopental, propofol, and telazol

Question 13

What is the only licensed inhalant for horses?

Answer 13

Isoflurane (MAC 1.3%)

Question 14

TIVA for horses (for maintenance)

Answer 14

Triple Drip

1) Alpha-2 (xylazine)
2) Ketamine
3) Guaifenesin

Question 15

in horses when using ECG, which lead is used?

Answer 15

Lead 1

(base-apex lead confirmation (RA and LA))

Question 16

Which arteries can be used for arterial blood pressure?

Answer 16

Facial or transverse facial

Question 17

Aim for MAP for adequate muscle perfusion

Answer 17

MAP > 70mmHg

Question 18

Pulse oximetry:

What does it measure?

What is the minimum acceptable value?

Answer 18

Hemoglocin saturation

SaO2 > 90

Question 19

In depth of anesthesia, what 3 things are suppose to happen?

Answer 19

1) No limb movement
2) No swallowing
3) No nystagmus

Question 20

4 problems during equine anesthesia

Answer 20

1) Hypotension
2) Hypoventilation
3) Hypoxemia
4) Recovery (Myopathy/Neuropathy)

Question 21

What drug can treat hypotension?

Answer 21

Dobutamine

Question 22

How is CO2 (ventilation) measured?

Answer 22

Capnograph

Question 23

How to treat hypoventilation?

Answer 23

IPPV

Question 24

What is hypoxemia mainly due to?

Answer 24

V/Q mismatch

Question 25

What drug can be use to hypoxemia?

Answer 25

Beta 2 agonist