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BIOL 3211: Physiology > Exam 2: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in a nonneural endocrine cell/what does it look like?

A
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2
Q

What happens in a neurosecretory cell/what does it look like?

A
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3
Q

What happens in local paracrine and autocrine signals/ what do they look like?

A
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4
Q

What is an exocrine? Give examples.

A

An exocrine is secreted into a free system, as opposed to blood.

Examples:

  • sweat
  • tears
  • bile
  • mammary glands
  • poison/venom
  • spider silk
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5
Q

chemical signals that carry information from one individual to another member of the same species. These include sex attractants, trail marking compounds, alarm substances, and many other intraspecific messages.

A

Pheromones

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6
Q

signals that travel from one animal to some member of a different species. These include defensive signals such as repellents, compounds used to locate suitable host plants, and a vast array of other substances that regulate interspecific behaviors.

A

allelochemicals

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7
Q

benefit the sender - such as a repellent, or defensive compound that deters predation (like Cantharidin).

A

allomones

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8
Q

benefit the receiver - such as an odor that a parasite uses to find its host.

A

kairomones

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9
Q

benefit both sender and receiver - such as plant volatiles that attract insect pollinators.

A

synomones

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10
Q

Know this table!

A
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11
Q
  • Synthesized on the rough ER
  • Stored in vesicles
  • Leave signaling cell via exocytosis
  • Soluble in aqueous solutions and travel to the target cell dissolved in the extracellular fluid
  • Hydrophilic: cannot cross the target cell membrane
  • Bind to transmembrane receptors
  • Rapid effects on the target cell
A

Peptide hormones

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12
Q
  • Hydrophobic
  • Cannot be stored within the cell
  • Synthesized on demand
  • Transported to target cell by carrier proteins
  • Slow effects on the target cell
A

Steroid Hormones

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13
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from:

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

Describe synthesis of sex hormones

A
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15
Q

What are the three classes of steroid hormones? Give examples for each.

A
  • Mineralocorticoids:
    • electrolyte balance
    • ex: aldosterone
  • Glucocorticoids:
    • stress hormones
    • ex: cortisol
  • Reproductive hormones:
    • regulate sex-specific characteristics and reproduction
    • ex: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
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16
Q
  • Possess amine (-NH2)
  • Biogenic amines
    • ex: acetylcholine, catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), serotonin, melatonin, histamine, thyroid hormones
  • Diverse effects
A

amine hormones

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17
Q

Locations of major endocrine glands

1 - 9

PTPAPTPGH

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid glands
  4. Adrenal glands
  5. Pineal gland
  6. Thymus gland
  7. Pancreas
  8. Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
  9. Hypothalamus
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18
Q

The hypothalamus sends endocrine signals to the

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

Posterior Pituatary vs. Anterior Pituitary:

Which secretes which hormones?

A

Posterior Pituitary:

  • Oxytocin (uterine muscles, mammary glands)
  • ADH (kidney tubules)

Anterior Pituitary:

  • TSH → thyroid
  • ACTH → adrenal cortex
  • FSH and LH → testes or ovaries
  • Growth hormone (GH) → entire body
  • Prolactin (PRL) → mammary glands
  • Endorphins → pain receptors in brain
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20
Q

two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q
  • posterior lobe (neural tissue) and the infundibulum
    • receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus
A

Neurohypophysis

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22
Q
  • anterior lobe, made up of glandular tissue
    • synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones
A

Adenohypophysis

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23
Q

Just understand this diagram.

A
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24
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

TSH

A
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25
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

ACTH

A
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26
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

Growth Hormone

A
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27
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

LH and FSH

A
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28
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

MSH in some animals

A
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29
Q

Understand the effects of hormones from the anterior pituitary:

Prolactin

A
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30
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones:

A
  1. Proteins (or peptides)
  2. Act through second-messenger systems
  3. Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
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31
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary:

  • General metabolic hormone
  • Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
  • Plays a role in determining final body size
  • Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
  • Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
A

Growth Hormone

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32
Q
  • Antagonistic hypothalamic hormones regulate GH
    • Which hormone stimulates GH release?
    • Which hormone inhibits GH release?
A
  • Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH release
  • Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) inhibits GH release
33
Q
  • Triggered by the hypothalamic prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • Function in males is unknown
A

Prolactin (PRL)

34
Q
  • Triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in a daily rhythm
  • Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

35
Q
  • Triggered by hypothalamic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

36
Q
  • Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
  • Triggered by the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty
A

Gonadotropic hormones

37
Q
  • Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
  • Stimulates sperm development in testes
A

Follcle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

38
Q
  • Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
  • Stimulates testosterone production in males
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

39
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary:

  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding
  • Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
A

Oxytocin

40
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary:

  • Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
  • In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure
  • Also known as vasopressin
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

41
Q

The thyroid gland consists of two lobes and a

A

connecting isthmus

42
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of follicles that produce the

A

glycoprotein thyroglobulin

43
Q

Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills the lumen of the follicles in the thyroid gland and is the

A

precursor of thyroid hormone

44
Q

Other endocrine cells, the parafollicular cells, produce the hormone:

A

calcitonin

45
Q
  • Major metabolic hormone
  • increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates
  • increases rate of protein synthesis
  • accelerates growth
  • Heat production
A

Thyroid hormone

46
Q

The thyroid hormone is composed of two active iodine-containing hormones:

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles, four iodine atoms, inactive form, 95% of hormone produced
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target tissues, active form
47
Q
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
  • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
  • Produced by parafollicular cells
A

Calcitonin

48
Q

The parathyroid glands are tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid that secrete .

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

49
Q
  • Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
  • Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
  • Raise calcium levels in the blood
A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

50
Q

Synthesizes and releases steroid hormones called corticosteroids

A

adrenal cortex

51
Q
  • Different corticosteroids are produced in each of the three layers
    • Zona glomerulosa:
    • Zona fasciculata:
    • Zona reticularis:
A
  • Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
  • Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
  • Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (chiefly androgens)
52
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla:

  • Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines):
  • These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”) by
    • Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
    • Dilating small passageways of lungs
A
  • Epinephrine → potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities
  • Norepinephrine → more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
53
Q

A triangular gland, which has both exocrine and endocrine cells, located behind the stomach

A

the pancreas

54
Q

produce an enzyme-rich juice used for digestion (exocrine product)

A

acinar cells

55
Q

what is the function of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A

to produce hormones (endocrine products)

56
Q
  • Glucagon
    • Forces cells to release glucose
A

Alpha cells in the pancreas

57
Q
  • Insulin
    • Forces cells to absorb and utilize glucose
    • Carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism
A

Beta cells in the Pancreas

58
Q
  • Somatostatin
    • Inhibits insulin and glucagon release
A

Delta cells in pancreas

59
Q
  • loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
  • autoimmune disease
  • leading to a deficiency of insulin
  • Insulin injections most common treatment, diet, exercise
A

Type I Diabetes

60
Q
  • More common
  • due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, and decreased secretion.
  • Insulin produced, but not recognized
  • Age-onset (overweight)
  • Treatment: diet and exercise
A

Type II Diabetes

61
Q
  • Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum in the thorax, right above the heart
  • Major hormonal products are thymopoietins and thymosins
  • These hormones are essential for the development of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system
A

Thymus

62
Q
  • Found on the third ventricle of the brain
  • Secretes melatonin
    • Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
    • Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans
A

Pineal Gland

63
Q
  • Promote normal cell metabolism
  • Help resist long-term stressors
  • Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

64
Q
  • Help the body resist stress by:
    • Keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant
    • Maintaining blood volume and preventing water shift into tissue
    • decreases protein synthesis
    • increases fatty acid release
    • stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates
A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) (FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX)

65
Q

Regulate the electrolyte concentrations of extracellular fluids

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

66
Q
  • most important mineralocorticoid
    • Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium from the body
    • Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys
    • Increases osmolarity of the blood
A

aldosterone

67
Q

the shedding of the old cuticle

A

Ecdysis

68
Q

The shed “skin” is called an:

A

exuvium

69
Q
  • The insect is called from apolysis (they are pale in color and soft)
    • Sclerotization works toward the outside, so delay in hardening
A
  • pharate
70
Q

The insect gulps air, water and contracts muscles, resulting in the old cuticle being split along a predetermined .

A

ecdysial line

71
Q

Brain neurosecretory cells produce , which was the first insect hormone to be discovered!!!!

A

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

72
Q
  • connected to the brain receives the hormone
    • controls much of metabolism, heart beat, basic bodily functions
A

Corpora cardiaca (cc)

very similar to the hypothalamus in humans

73
Q
  • in the head and thorax are stimulated by PTTH levels.
    • Produce a hormone called ecdysone which stimulates the epidermis to initiate the molting process. Ecdysone travels thru the hemolymph.
A

Prothoracic glands

74
Q
  • connected to the brain, receives the hormone as well
    • produces juvenille hormone (JH) which inhibits the differentiation to adult.
    • As long as JH is high, you stay in the juvenile stage, however you may get larger do to molting.
    • Each stage of growth in an insect is called an instar.
A

Corpora allata (ca)

75
Q

Understand this chart

A
  1. Insect grows larger, waves of ecdysone tell it to molt.
  2. Juvenile hormone produced as well, early on levels are high, telling the insect to stay in juvenile stage.
  3. As juvenile continues to age, JH levels drops with each molt (each wave of molting).
  4. When JH reaches a very low level, signals to change to adult stage.
  5. This may take another molt to change to adult stage, at which point JH is virtually absent.
76
Q

egg to an immature stage that molts several times to a sexually mature adult; in all cases there is little difference in the appearance of the insect.

A

Ametabolous

77
Q
  • egg to an aquatic immature stage (naiad), to a sexually mature adult; naiad and adult differ little in morphology, and often to some degree in habitat.
  • JH production stops in last instar
A

Hemimetabolous

78
Q
  • egg to a terrestrial immature stage (nymph), to a sexually mature adult; nymph and adult differ little in morphology as well as habitat.
  • JH production stops in last instar
A

Paurometabolous

79
Q
  • egg to a larval stage to a pupal stage, to a sexually mature adult; larva and adult differ greatly in appearance and usually habitat.
  • JH decreases in last instar to produce pupa; JH disappears in pupa
A

Holometabolous

BIOL 3211: Physiology (11 decks)

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