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BIO 202 > Exam 2 - Endocrine & Blood > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Endocrine & Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

chemical messengers

A

hormones

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2
Q

fluid carrying hormones to target cells

A

blood/plasma

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3
Q

Why don’t endocrine glands have duct structures?

A

release hormones directly into blood

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4
Q

study of hormones and tissues that release them

A

endocrinology

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5
Q

special feature of fenestrated capillaries

A

especially permeable

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6
Q

3 chemical signals released by neurons and some endocrine glands

A

norepinephrine
dopamine
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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7
Q

What releases dopamine in the endocrine system? What is its target?

A

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

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8
Q

What releases dopamine in the nervous system? What type of transmitter is it?

A

neurons of the basal ganglia of the cerebrum

neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle

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10
Q

4 general functions of the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

water balance
thermoregulation
aspects of child birth
sex drive

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11
Q

Releasing hormones are hormones of the _______

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

TRH, CRH, GnRH, & GHRH are:

A

hypothalamus releasing hormones

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13
Q

PIH & Somatostatin are:

A

hypothalamus inhibiting hormones

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14
Q

network for blood vessels linking hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

hypophysial portal system

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15
Q

ovarian hormone release & egg cell maturation are effects of:

A

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

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16
Q

ovulation of an egg cell from an ovary and testosterone release from the testes are effects of:

A

LH

lutenizing hormone

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17
Q

hormone released by thyrotropic cells:

A

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

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18
Q

Growth of thyroid gland and release of thyroid hormone are effects of:

A

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormones

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19
Q

hormone increasing metabolic rate of body cells and body temperature are effects of:

A

thyroid hormone

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20
Q

hormone released by corticotropic cells

A

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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21
Q

hormone causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol:

A

ACTH

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22
Q

hormone regulating blood glucose and fat metabolism (in face of stress):

A

cortisol

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23
Q

hormone released by prolactin cells:

A

PRL

prolactin

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24
Q

hormone stimulating production of milk from mammary gland:

A

PRL

prolactin

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25
Q

hormones released by somatotropic cells:

A

GH - growth hormone

somatostatin

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26
Q

hormone increasing mitosis in target cells and promotes body tissue growth:

A

GH/somatostatin

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27
Q

What is the neurohypohysis?

A

posterior pituitary

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28
Q

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary:

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

OT - oxytocin

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29
Q

hormone increasing water retention by the kindeys

A

ADH

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30
Q

other name for ADH

A

arginine - vasopressin

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31
Q

hormone causing lactation, sexual arousal, parental bonding, and uterine contractions

A

OT - oxytoncin

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32
Q

What hormone stimulates liver cells to secrete somatomedins?

A

GH

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33
Q

What is the other name for stomatomedins?

A

insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

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34
Q

What effect do somaatomedins have on the action of growth hormones?

A

prolongs GH action

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35
Q

time for 50% of hormone to be cleared from the blood

A

hormone half-life

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36
Q

effect of GH on transcription and translation

A

mRNA transcription increases

translation of genes increases

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37
Q

Effect of GH happening in minutes

A

mRNA transcription

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38
Q

Effect of GH happening in hours

A

translation of genes

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39
Q

hormone causing adipocytes to release fatty acids from triglycerides

A

GH

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40
Q

What sensation is caused by ghrelin?

A

hunger

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41
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

roof of brains 3rd ventricle

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42
Q

describe the difference in structure of the pineal gland in children vs adults

A

children - larger 8mm x 5mm

adults - much smaller, fiberous

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43
Q

sensory impulses directed to the pineal gland

A

info from retina

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44
Q

control of what body function comes from the pineal gland

A

sleep/wake cycles

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45
Q

gland producing melatonin

A

pineal gland

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46
Q

location of the thymus

A

anterior to the heart

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47
Q

hormones release by thymus

A

thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin

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48
Q

stimulate development of lymphatic organs and maturation of sex organs and effects of hormones released by what organ?

A

thymus

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49
Q

location of the thyroid gland

A

inferior to larynx & anterior to trachea

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50
Q

structure connecting the left and right thyroid gland lobes

A

isthmus

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51
Q

hormones released by thyroid follicular cells

A

T4 - tetraidothyronine

T3 - triiodothyronine

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52
Q

90% of thyroid hormone is:

A

T4

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53
Q

10% of thyroid hormone is:

A

T3

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54
Q

difference between T3 & T4

A

number of iodine atoms

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55
Q

what is the calorgenic affect of thyroid hormone?

A

increased cellular respiration & increase in cellular oxygen consumption

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56
Q

Why does thyoid hormone increase appetite?

A

to increase carbohydrate intake

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57
Q

Why does thyroid hormone increase CHO consumption?

A

increased cellular respiration

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58
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the heart and lungs?

A

increase respiratory & heart rates, increase cardiac contractability

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59
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on GH?

A

promotes GH excretion

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60
Q

What is another name for thyroid parafollicular cells?

A

clear c cells

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61
Q

What hormone is released by parafollicular cells?

A

calcitonin

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62
Q

When is calcitonin released?

A

when blood calcium levels are too low

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63
Q

Why is calcitonin important in children?

A

stimulates osteoblasts to build bone

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64
Q

How many parathyroid glands are in the human body?

A

4

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65
Q

When is parathyroid hormone released?

A

when blood calcium is too low

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66
Q

2 effects of parathyroid hormone

A

calcium release from the bone

reduces calcium loss in urine

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67
Q

Why can’t someone live without parathryroid glands?

A

they do calcium homeostasis

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68
Q

another term for adrenal glands

A

suprarenal glands

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69
Q

where are adrenal glands located?

A

superior to the kidney

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70
Q

What is the retroperitoneal space?

A

outside of the peritoneal cavity

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71
Q

Are adrenal glands in the peritoneal space?

A

no

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72
Q

what color are the adrenal medulla and cortex?

A

medulla - gray/red

cortex - yellowish

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73
Q

how is the adrenal medulla related to the nervous system?

A

sympathetic ganglion

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74
Q

What is the name of the cell type in the adrenal medulla that releases hormones?

A

chromaffin cells

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75
Q

3 hormone released by cromaffin cells?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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76
Q

What type of chemicals are epi, norepi, and dopamine?

A

catecholamines

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77
Q

increase alertness
prepare body for physical activity
boost liver glycogenolysis & gluconogenesis
inhibits release of insulin (glucose-sparing)

A

effect of catecholamines that prepare the body for physical activity

78
Q

breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenlysis

79
Q

formation of glucose from fats & proteins

A

gluconeogenesis

80
Q

What is the benefit of reducing insulin release when the body is being prepared for physical activity?

A

glucose-sparing

81
Q

which body tissues are most dependent on the action of insulin

A

Muscle and most tissues - dont use glucose live nervous tissue

82
Q

which body tissues are least dependent on the action of insulin?

A

Nervous- uses glucose

83
Q

What general type of hormone class is released by cells of the adrenal cortex?

A

corticosteroids

84
Q

3 types of corticosteroids

A

mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

85
Q

layers of the adrenal gland from superficial to deep

A

glomerulosa
fasciculate
reticularis
adrenal medulla

86
Q

What is the name of the mineralocorticoid that is released from the zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

87
Q

what causes the release of aldosterone?

A

when angiotensinogen II is formed in the blood

88
Q

What triggers the production of angiotensinogen II?

A

low blood pressure

89
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

sodium retention

causes water retention

90
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on blood sodium and blood water concentrations?

A

increases the concentration

91
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?

A

increases blood pressure by increasing blood amount

92
Q

Which layers of the adrenal cortex release glucocorticoids?

A

fasiculata

reticularis

93
Q

What is the name of the most potent glucocortiod?

A

cortisol

94
Q

What causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH

95
Q

What is the main function of cortisol?

A

Adjust body to stress and tissue damage

96
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on fat and protein metabolism?

A

catabolism - metabolic breakdown

97
Q

What will happen to blood levels of fatty acids and glucose in response to cortisol?

A

increase concentration in blood

98
Q

How does cortisol affect inflammation?

A

inhibits - anti-inflammatory

99
Q

What are androgens?

A

adrenal sex steroids

100
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex releases androgens?

A

fasiculata & reticularis

101
Q

What is a DHEA?

A

dehydroepiandosterone

102
Q

What is the effect of DHEA after puberty?

A

development of sex hormones

103
Q

What is the main adrenal estrogen?

A

estradiol

104
Q

Important functions of adrenal androgens in an adult other than sex hormones are:

A

maintain bone mass

105
Q

Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells in the pancreas are found in the:

A

pancreatic islets

106
Q

Blood glucose will drop below 100 mg/dl:

A

inbetween meals

107
Q

hormone release by the pancreas when blood glucose falls:

A

glucogon

108
Q

how to liver cells respond to glucagon?

A

glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen

gluconeogenesis - formation of glucose from fats and proteins

109
Q

hormones are release from pancreatic islet beta cells:

A

insulin & amylin

110
Q

When will insulin be released?

A

during & immediately after a meal

111
Q

What main tissue cell types have receptors for insulin?

A

liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue

112
Q

How do cells that bind insulin respond to the hormone signal?

A

importing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

113
Q

slowing gastric emptying
modulates gastric enzyme secretion
inhibits glugagon release
stimulates satiety are responses to what hormone?

A

amylin

114
Q

What is the other name for delta cells?

A

somatostatin cells

115
Q

What is another name for somatostatin?

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

116
Q

What are the responses to the release of somatostatin?

A

regulates speed of digestion & nutrient absorbtion

117
Q

What organ includes PP cells?

A

pancreas

118
Q

Hormones that play a role in increasing blood glucose concentrations?

A 
glucagon
growth hormone
epinephrine
norepinephrine
cortisol
corticosterone
119
Q

What is the name of the hormone that is released by keratinocytes and transformed by UV radiation?

A

cholecalciferol

120
Q

Which organs are able to convert a precursor hormone to calcitriol?

A

liver & kidney

121
Q

What is the general response to the formation of calcitriol?

A

calcium regulation

122
Q

Which hormone, released by the liver, is necessary for the formation of the hormone angiotensinogen II?

A

angiotensinogen

123
Q

What organ produces erythropoitin?

A

liver

124
Q

What is the response to IGF-1?

A

increased red blood cell production

125
Q

What organ releases IGF-1?

A

liver

126
Q

What organ releases hepcidin?

A

liver

127
Q

What is the response of hepcidin?

A

iron homeostasis

128
Q

What is the location of cells that release natriuretic peptides?

A

heart

129
Q

What is the response to the release of natriuretic peptides?

A

increase sodium and water excretion

130
Q

What enteric hormone will decrease hunger when released?

A

Peptide YY (PYY)

131
Q

Bile will be released from the liver in response to what hormone?

A

cholecystokinin

132
Q

Increased production and release of hydrochloric acid will occur in response to which enteric hormone?

A

gastrin

133
Q

Why is it important that albumin & globulin are hyrdophilic?

A

allows binding to transport proteins

134
Q

how much thyroid hormone is free and active in the serum?

A

1%

135
Q

how much thyroid hormone is bound to transport proteins in the serum?

A

99%

136
Q

How are peptide and catecholamine signals received? Then what happens?

A

bind to surface receptors

then trigger intracellular second messenger system

137
Q

How are steroid hormone signals received? Then what happens?

A

pass through membranes

direct affect on gene regulation

138
Q

What hormones from the nervous system does the adrenal medulla mediate?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

139
Q

what is the role of angiotensin and aldosterone hormone release in the alarm reaction?

A

support blood pressure & volume

140
Q

With regards to stress, when does the stage of resistance begin?

A

a few hours later

141
Q

Why do serum cortisol levels increase during stress? (hypothalamus & pituitary gland)

A

hypothalamus - release CRH

pituitary gland - release ACTH

142
Q

What type of response is the stage of resistance?

A

anti-inflammatory

143
Q

why would death occur after prolonged stress?

A

electrolyte deficiencies

144
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

functional tumor of the adrenal medulla

145
Q

Disorder of the pituitary gland resulting the cushings:

A

fuctional tumor releasing ACTH

146
Q

toxic goiter is a excess of what hormone?

A

TH

147
Q

Of gigantism and acomegaly what is in childhood? which is adulthood?

A

G- childhood

A- adulthood

148
Q

What is the cause of dwarfism?

A

hyposecretion of GH in childhood

149
Q

What is myxedema?

A

sever prolonged adult hypothyroidism

150
Q

Children have congenital hypothroidism, they are:

A

born with it

151
Q

What are physical characteristics associated with cushings?

A

moonface and buffalo hump

152
Q

what is the adrenal disorder causing masculine characteristics?

A

adrenogenital syndrome

153
Q

What molecules are transported by the blood to and from body tissue?

A

oxygen, CO2, metabolic waste, hormone signals

154
Q

How does blood protect the body?

A

immunity - WBCs & antibodies

155
Q

3 categories of regulation where blood is important

A

water balance
acid-base balance
temp regulation

156
Q

use of a centrifuge to separate cells from liquid of blood

A

blood fractionation

157
Q

What is a hemocrit?

A

percentage of space taken up by RBCs

158
Q

What is the other term for hemocrit?

A

PCV- packed cell volume

159
Q

What is blood serum?

A

liquid after blood clotting

160
Q

what is the main structural protein in a clot?

A

fibrin

161
Q

3 classes of globulins

A

alpha
beta
gamma

162
Q

inactive fibrinogen is converted to what active protein?

A

fibrin

163
Q

What organ synthesizes and releases fibrinogen?

A

liver

164
Q

What metabolic processes create nitrogenous waste?

A

protein catabolism - amino acid metabolism

165
Q

What is the name for mature red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

166
Q

What protein fills 1/3 of the cytoplasm of an erythrocyte?

A

hemoglobin

167
Q

2 gas molecules transported by hemoglobin

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

168
Q

fuction of the proteins spectrin and actin in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes:

A

erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins

169
Q

structure of a hemoglobin molecule

A

2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
4 heme groups

170
Q

number of oxygen molecules able to be transported by one hemoglobin molecule

A

4

171
Q

What is different about HbF when compared to HbA?

A

tighter oxygen binding

172
Q

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

A

production of erythrocytes

red bone marrow

173
Q

What organ releases erythropoietin and what is its function?

A

kidneys

increase erythrocyte production

174
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

immature RBC

175
Q

Do reiculocytes have a nucleus?

A

yes

176
Q

Why is vitamin b12 and folic acid necessary for normal erythropoiesis?

A

necessary for rapid cell division

177
Q

How is dietary iron converted to the Fe2+ used in hemoglobin sythesis?

A

be stomach acid

178
Q

What is the function of transferin?

A

carry Fe2+ in blood

179
Q

What is the function of ferritin?

A

stores fe2+ liver

180
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

181
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

rupture of erythocyte

releases cell contents

182
Q

what cell type in the liver and spleen is responsible for recycling red blood cells?

A

macrophage

183
Q

How is bilirubin excreted?

A

as bile pigment in bile - small intestine

184
Q

How is urobilirubin formed?

A

bile pigment converted by bacteria

185
Q

Why is urobilirubin found in blood?

A

absorbed from intestine

186
Q

How is urobilirubin excreted?

A

urine

187
Q

What gives urine its yellow color?

A

bile pigments

188
Q

Why are transfusion reactions serious and possibly fatal?

A

antibody reactions
free hemoglobin blocks kidney tubules
leads to kidney failure

189
Q

What is Rh factor?

A

transmembrane protein group

190
Q

When will maternal/child mismatches be dangerous to an unborn baby?

A

second Rh positive child

BIO 202 (4 decks)

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