Exam 2 - Endocrine & Blood Flashcards
1
Q
chemical messengers
A
hormones
2
Q
fluid carrying hormones to target cells
A
blood/plasma
3
Q
Why don’t endocrine glands have duct structures?
A
release hormones directly into blood
4
Q
study of hormones and tissues that release them
A
endocrinology
5
Q
special feature of fenestrated capillaries
A
especially permeable
6
Q
3 chemical signals released by neurons and some endocrine glands
A
norepinephrine
dopamine
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
7
Q
What releases dopamine in the endocrine system? What is its target?
A
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
8
Q
What releases dopamine in the nervous system? What type of transmitter is it?
A
neurons of the basal ganglia of the cerebrum
neurotransmitter
9
Q
Where is the hypothalamus located?
A
walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle
10
Q
4 general functions of the hormones released by the hypothalamus
A
water balance
thermoregulation
aspects of child birth
sex drive
11
Q
Releasing hormones are hormones of the _______
A
hypothalamus
12
Q
TRH, CRH, GnRH, & GHRH are:
A
hypothalamus releasing hormones
13
Q
PIH & Somatostatin are:
A
hypothalamus inhibiting hormones
14
Q
network for blood vessels linking hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
A
hypophysial portal system
15
Q
ovarian hormone release & egg cell maturation are effects of:
A
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
16
Q
ovulation of an egg cell from an ovary and testosterone release from the testes are effects of:
A
LH
lutenizing hormone
17
Q
hormone released by thyrotropic cells:
A
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
18
Q
Growth of thyroid gland and release of thyroid hormone are effects of:
A
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormones
19
Q
hormone increasing metabolic rate of body cells and body temperature are effects of:
A
thyroid hormone
20
Q
hormone released by corticotropic cells
A
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
21
Q
hormone causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol:
A
ACTH
22
Q
hormone regulating blood glucose and fat metabolism (in face of stress):
A
cortisol
23
Q
hormone released by prolactin cells:
A
PRL
prolactin
24
Q
hormone stimulating production of milk from mammary gland:
A
PRL
prolactin
25
hormones released by somatotropic cells:
GH - growth hormone
| somatostatin
26
hormone increasing mitosis in target cells and promotes body tissue growth:
GH/somatostatin
27
What is the neurohypohysis?
posterior pituitary
28
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary:
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
| OT - oxytocin
29
hormone increasing water retention by the kindeys
ADH
30
other name for ADH
arginine - vasopressin
31
hormone causing lactation, sexual arousal, parental bonding, and uterine contractions
OT - oxytoncin
32
What hormone stimulates liver cells to secrete somatomedins?
GH
33
What is the other name for stomatomedins?
insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
34
What effect do somaatomedins have on the action of growth hormones?
prolongs GH action
35
time for 50% of hormone to be cleared from the blood
hormone half-life
36
effect of GH on transcription and translation
mRNA transcription increases
| translation of genes increases
37
Effect of GH happening in minutes
mRNA transcription
38
Effect of GH happening in hours
translation of genes
39
hormone causing adipocytes to release fatty acids from triglycerides
GH
40
What sensation is caused by ghrelin?
hunger
41
Where is the pineal gland located?
roof of brains 3rd ventricle
42
describe the difference in structure of the pineal gland in children vs adults
children - larger 8mm x 5mm
| adults - much smaller, fiberous
43
sensory impulses directed to the pineal gland
info from retina
44
control of what body function comes from the pineal gland
sleep/wake cycles
45
gland producing melatonin
pineal gland
46
location of the thymus
anterior to the heart
47
hormones release by thymus
thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin
48
stimulate development of lymphatic organs and maturation of sex organs and effects of hormones released by what organ?
thymus
49
location of the thyroid gland
inferior to larynx & anterior to trachea
50
structure connecting the left and right thyroid gland lobes
isthmus
51
hormones released by thyroid follicular cells
T4 - tetraidothyronine
| T3 - triiodothyronine
52
90% of thyroid hormone is:
T4
53
10% of thyroid hormone is:
T3
54
difference between T3 & T4
number of iodine atoms
55
what is the calorgenic affect of thyroid hormone?
increased cellular respiration & increase in cellular oxygen consumption
56
Why does thyoid hormone increase appetite?
to increase carbohydrate intake
57
Why does thyroid hormone increase CHO consumption?
increased cellular respiration
58
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the heart and lungs?
increase respiratory & heart rates, increase cardiac contractability
59
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on GH?
promotes GH excretion
60
What is another name for thyroid parafollicular cells?
clear c cells
61
What hormone is released by parafollicular cells?
calcitonin
62
When is calcitonin released?
when blood calcium levels are too low
63
Why is calcitonin important in children?
stimulates osteoblasts to build bone
64
How many parathyroid glands are in the human body?
4
65
When is parathyroid hormone released?
when blood calcium is too low
66
2 effects of parathyroid hormone
calcium release from the bone
| reduces calcium loss in urine
67
Why can't someone live without parathryroid glands?
they do calcium homeostasis
68
another term for adrenal glands
suprarenal glands
69
where are adrenal glands located?
superior to the kidney
70
What is the retroperitoneal space?
outside of the peritoneal cavity
71
Are adrenal glands in the peritoneal space?
no
72
what color are the adrenal medulla and cortex?
medulla - gray/red
| cortex - yellowish
73
how is the adrenal medulla related to the nervous system?
sympathetic ganglion
74
What is the name of the cell type in the adrenal medulla that releases hormones?
chromaffin cells
75
3 hormone released by cromaffin cells?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
76
What type of chemicals are epi, norepi, and dopamine?
catecholamines
77
increase alertness
prepare body for physical activity
boost liver glycogenolysis & gluconogenesis
inhibits release of insulin (glucose-sparing)
effect of catecholamines that prepare the body for physical activity
78
breakdown of glycogen
glycogenlysis
79
formation of glucose from fats & proteins
gluconeogenesis
80
What is the benefit of reducing insulin release when the body is being prepared for physical activity?
glucose-sparing
81
which body tissues are most dependent on the action of insulin
Muscle and most tissues - dont use glucose live nervous tissue
82
which body tissues are least dependent on the action of insulin?
Nervous- uses glucose
83
What general type of hormone class is released by cells of the adrenal cortex?
corticosteroids
84
3 types of corticosteroids
mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones
85
layers of the adrenal gland from superficial to deep
glomerulosa
fasciculate
reticularis
adrenal medulla
86
What is the name of the mineralocorticoid that is released from the zona glomerulosa?
aldosterone
87
what causes the release of aldosterone?
when angiotensinogen II is formed in the blood
88
What triggers the production of angiotensinogen II?
low blood pressure
89
What is the effect of aldosterone?
sodium retention
| causes water retention
90
What is the effect of aldosterone on blood sodium and blood water concentrations?
increases the concentration
91
What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?
increases blood pressure by increasing blood amount
92
Which layers of the adrenal cortex release glucocorticoids?
fasiculata
| reticularis
93
What is the name of the most potent glucocortiod?
cortisol
94
What causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
95
What is the main function of cortisol?
Adjust body to stress and tissue damage
96
What is the effect of cortisol on fat and protein metabolism?
catabolism - metabolic breakdown
97
What will happen to blood levels of fatty acids and glucose in response to cortisol?
increase concentration in blood
98
How does cortisol affect inflammation?
inhibits - anti-inflammatory
99
What are androgens?
adrenal sex steroids
100
What layer of the adrenal cortex releases androgens?
fasiculata & reticularis
101
What is a DHEA?
dehydroepiandosterone
102
What is the effect of DHEA after puberty?
development of sex hormones
103
What is the main adrenal estrogen?
estradiol
104
Important functions of adrenal androgens in an adult other than sex hormones are:
maintain bone mass
105
Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells in the pancreas are found in the:
pancreatic islets
106
Blood glucose will drop below 100 mg/dl:
inbetween meals
107
hormone release by the pancreas when blood glucose falls:
glucogon
108
how to liver cells respond to glucagon?
glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen
| gluconeogenesis - formation of glucose from fats and proteins
109
hormones are release from pancreatic islet beta cells:
insulin & amylin
110
When will insulin be released?
during & immediately after a meal
111
What main tissue cell types have receptors for insulin?
liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
112
How do cells that bind insulin respond to the hormone signal?
importing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
113
slowing gastric emptying
modulates gastric enzyme secretion
inhibits glugagon release
stimulates satiety are responses to what hormone?
amylin
114
What is the other name for delta cells?
somatostatin cells
115
What is another name for somatostatin?
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
116
What are the responses to the release of somatostatin?
regulates speed of digestion & nutrient absorbtion
117
What organ includes PP cells?
pancreas
118
Hormones that play a role in increasing blood glucose concentrations?
```
glucagon
growth hormone
epinephrine
norepinephrine
cortisol
corticosterone
```
119
What is the name of the hormone that is released by keratinocytes and transformed by UV radiation?
cholecalciferol
120
Which organs are able to convert a precursor hormone to calcitriol?
liver & kidney
121
What is the general response to the formation of calcitriol?
calcium regulation
122
Which hormone, released by the liver, is necessary for the formation of the hormone angiotensinogen II?
angiotensinogen
123
What organ produces erythropoitin?
liver
124
What is the response to IGF-1?
increased red blood cell production
125
What organ releases IGF-1?
liver
126
What organ releases hepcidin?
liver
127
What is the response of hepcidin?
iron homeostasis
128
What is the location of cells that release natriuretic peptides?
heart
129
What is the response to the release of natriuretic peptides?
increase sodium and water excretion
130
What enteric hormone will decrease hunger when released?
Peptide YY (PYY)
131
Bile will be released from the liver in response to what hormone?
cholecystokinin
132
Increased production and release of hydrochloric acid will occur in response to which enteric hormone?
gastrin
133
Why is it important that albumin & globulin are hyrdophilic?
allows binding to transport proteins
134
how much thyroid hormone is free and active in the serum?
1%
135
how much thyroid hormone is bound to transport proteins in the serum?
99%
136
How are peptide and catecholamine signals received? Then what happens?
bind to surface receptors
| then trigger intracellular second messenger system
137
How are steroid hormone signals received? Then what happens?
pass through membranes
| direct affect on gene regulation
138
What hormones from the nervous system does the adrenal medulla mediate?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
139
what is the role of angiotensin and aldosterone hormone release in the alarm reaction?
support blood pressure & volume
140
With regards to stress, when does the stage of resistance begin?
a few hours later
141
Why do serum cortisol levels increase during stress? (hypothalamus & pituitary gland)
hypothalamus - release CRH
| pituitary gland - release ACTH
142
What type of response is the stage of resistance?
anti-inflammatory
143
why would death occur after prolonged stress?
electrolyte deficiencies
144
What is pheochromocytoma?
functional tumor of the adrenal medulla
145
Disorder of the pituitary gland resulting the cushings:
fuctional tumor releasing ACTH
146
toxic goiter is a excess of what hormone?
TH
147
Of gigantism and acomegaly what is in childhood? which is adulthood?
G- childhood
| A- adulthood
148
What is the cause of dwarfism?
hyposecretion of GH in childhood
149
What is myxedema?
sever prolonged adult hypothyroidism
150
Children have congenital hypothroidism, they are:
born with it
151
What are physical characteristics associated with cushings?
moonface and buffalo hump
152
what is the adrenal disorder causing masculine characteristics?
adrenogenital syndrome
153
What molecules are transported by the blood to and from body tissue?
oxygen, CO2, metabolic waste, hormone signals
154
How does blood protect the body?
immunity - WBCs & antibodies
155
3 categories of regulation where blood is important
water balance
acid-base balance
temp regulation
156
use of a centrifuge to separate cells from liquid of blood
blood fractionation
157
What is a hemocrit?
percentage of space taken up by RBCs
158
What is the other term for hemocrit?
PCV- packed cell volume
159
What is blood serum?
liquid after blood clotting
160
what is the main structural protein in a clot?
fibrin
161
3 classes of globulins
alpha
beta
gamma
162
inactive fibrinogen is converted to what active protein?
fibrin
163
What organ synthesizes and releases fibrinogen?
liver
164
What metabolic processes create nitrogenous waste?
protein catabolism - amino acid metabolism
165
What is the name for mature red blood cells?
erythrocytes
166
What protein fills 1/3 of the cytoplasm of an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
167
2 gas molecules transported by hemoglobin
oxygen and carbon dioxide
168
fuction of the proteins spectrin and actin in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes:
erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins
169
structure of a hemoglobin molecule
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
4 heme groups
170
number of oxygen molecules able to be transported by one hemoglobin molecule
4
171
What is different about HbF when compared to HbA?
tighter oxygen binding
172
What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?
production of erythrocytes
| red bone marrow
173
What organ releases erythropoietin and what is its function?
kidneys
| increase erythrocyte production
174
What is a reticulocyte?
immature RBC
175
Do reiculocytes have a nucleus?
yes
176
Why is vitamin b12 and folic acid necessary for normal erythropoiesis?
necessary for rapid cell division
177
How is dietary iron converted to the Fe2+ used in hemoglobin sythesis?
be stomach acid
178
What is the function of transferin?
carry Fe2+ in blood
179
What is the function of ferritin?
stores fe2+ liver
180
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
120 days
181
What is hemolysis?
rupture of erythocyte
| releases cell contents
182
what cell type in the liver and spleen is responsible for recycling red blood cells?
macrophage
183
How is bilirubin excreted?
as bile pigment in bile - small intestine
184
How is urobilirubin formed?
bile pigment converted by bacteria
185
Why is urobilirubin found in blood?
absorbed from intestine
186
How is urobilirubin excreted?
urine
187
What gives urine its yellow color?
bile pigments
188
Why are transfusion reactions serious and possibly fatal?
antibody reactions
free hemoglobin blocks kidney tubules
leads to kidney failure
189
What is Rh factor?
transmembrane protein group
190
When will maternal/child mismatches be dangerous to an unborn baby?
second Rh positive child
