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BIO 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain why sensory receptors are called transducers.

A

They convert light, sound, heat energy, pressure, and vibration into nerve impulses

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2
Q

List the modalities that are trans do used by sensory receptors

A 
light 
sound 
heat 
vibration 
pressure
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3
Q

List the four broad categories of information that are transmitted by sensory receptors

A

modality
location
intensity
duration

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4
Q

If a cutaneous sensory receptor has a small receptor field, is the skin more sensitive or less sensitive?

A

More sensitive

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5
Q

List two types of adaptation to the duration of a sensory stimulus.

A

Phasic & Tonic

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6
Q

How is the response to the duration of a stimulus different in phasic receptors compared to tonic receptors?

A

Phasic - rapid impulses, sharply reduced firing

Tonic - slowly begin impulse transmission, steadily transmits

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7
Q

List the types of sensory neurons that are categorized as having phasic receptors.

A

Tactical corpuscles
End bulbs
Lamellar corpuscles

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8
Q

Type of sensory relay neuron categorized as having tonic receptors

A

Bulbous corpuscles

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9
Q

Which type of receptor classified by modality transmits the sensation of pain?

A

Nociceptors

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10
Q

The sensory receptors triggered by a full bladder are classified as which type when using the modality classification? 
Origin of stimulus classification?
Distribution classification?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Interoreceptors
General

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11
Q

The sensory receptors trasmitting the sensation of taste are classified as which type when using the modality classification?
Origin of stimulus classification?
Distrobustion classification?

A

Chemoreceptors
Exteroreceptors
Special

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12
Q

What is the stuctural difference between encapsulated and unencapsulated receptors?

A

Encapsulated - no wrapping

Unencapsulated - wrapped w/ glial cells, connective tissue

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13
Q

Types of receptors that are structurally encapsulated

A

Tactile corpuscles
End bulbs
Bulbous corpuscles
Lamellar corpuscles

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14
Q

Types of receptors mentioned in class that are structurally unencapsulated. 

A

Free nerve endings
tactile discs
hair receptors

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15
Q

How is sensation transmission different when comparing phasic receptors to tonic receptors?

A

Phasic – fast

tonic – slow

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16
Q

Where are tactile corpuscles located?

A

Dermal papillae

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17
Q

Where are end bulbs located?

A

Mucous membranes

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18
Q

Where a bulbous corpuscles located?

A

Dermis and subcutaneous layers

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19
Q

Where are lamellar corpuscles located?

A

Periosteum, joint capsules, deep dermis

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20
Q

In a somatosensory pathway which order neuron includes the sensory receptor?

A

1st

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21
Q

Which modalities transmitted by first order neurons are transmitted fast? Which is transmitted slowly?

A

Fast - temperature

Slow - touch, pressure, proprioception

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22
Q

Are the neurons in the reticular formation first second or third order sensory neurons?

A

3rd

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23
Q

To which part of the brain to third order neurons transmit sensory impulses?

A

Cerebral cortex

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24
Q

Second order fibers in the spinalchord transmitting the sense of proprioception are a part of which tract?

A

Spinocerebellar tract

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25
Q

What is different about the projection pathway associated with proprioception compared to other sensations?

A

Projects to cerebellum

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26
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in proprioception?

A

Controlled and accurate movements

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27
Q

What is the difference between visceral pain, deep somatic pain, superficial pain, and neuropathic pain?

A

Vp - organs
Dsp - bones & muscle
Sp - skin
Np - nervous tissue

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28
Q

How are A delta nociceptive fibers different from type C nociceptive fibers?

A

A - fast; myelinated, easy to locate

C - slow; unmyelinated, hard to locate

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29
Q

What is the abnormality in nociception in the disorder fibromyalgia and phantom limb pain?

A

Fibro - Heightened response in cerebrum

Phantom - cerebrum initiates pain independently

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30
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

Oligopeptides chemically similar to morphine

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31
Q

List 3 endogenous opiods

A

Enkephalins
Endorphans
Dynorphins

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32
Q

Which opioid compound capable of acting on the body is produced by plants but not humans?

A

Morphine

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33
Q

What is gustation?

A

Sense of taste

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34
Q

List the four types of lingual papillae

A

Filiform
Foliate
Fungiform
Vallate

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35
Q

If filiform papillae don’t have taste buds, what is their function?

A

Provide information about food texture

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36
Q

Which type of papillae is lost in early childhood?

A

Foliate

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37
Q

Which two types of papillae have taste buds in their structure?

A

Fungiform and vallate

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38
Q

Why do vallate papillae have more taste sensation the fungiform papillae?

A

250 vs 3 tastebuds per papillae

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39
Q

Where are fungi form papillae located on the tongue?

A

Tongues Apex

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40
Q

Where are vallate papillae located on the tongue?

A

Rear of tongue

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41
Q

What taste cell structure has chemical receptors?

A

Microvilli

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42
Q

How is the first order sensory neuron associated with a taste cell?

A

Taste cells contain neurotransmitter that depolarizes first order neuron

43
Q

In a taste bud, what is the function of basal cells?

A

Replace taste cells

44
Q

What chemical triggers each of the primary taste sensations?

A

Salty: Metal ions

sweet: Carbohydrates
umami: Amino acids
sour: Acids
bitter: Alkaloid compounds

45
Q

Which two cranial nerves transmit to sensation from the tongue?

A

VII - 7

IX - 9

46
Q

First order neurons transmitting taste sensation communicate with second order neurons in which part of the brain?

A

Medulla

47
Q

Second order neurons transmitting taste sensation communicate with third order neurons in which two parts of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus & Amygdala

48
Q

Third order neurons transmit taste sensation to which part of the cerebrum for awareness of taste?

A

Insula

49
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Sense of smell

50
Q

Where is olfactory mucosa located?

A

5 cm area where superior nasal conchae, nasal septum, and ethmoid bone meet at the roof of the nasal cavity

51
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for awareness of smell sensation?

A

Insula

52
Q

Which pathways are responsible for memory of smells and emotional responses to smells?

A

Insula, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

53
Q

Explain what sound is

A

Vibration of molecules

54
Q

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

A

Hertz - Hz

55
Q

What increases when frequency increases?

A

Number of vibrations per second

56
Q

What is the range of frequencies over which sensitive ears are able to perceive sound?

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

57
Q

What is the unit of measurement for loudness

A

Decibels - dB

58
Q

In decibels, what is the threshold of human hearing?

A

0 dB

59
Q

List two terms for the fleshy, external part of the ear

A

Auricle & pinna

60
Q

What type of Cartlidge gives the external part of the ear its shape?

A

Elastic Cartlidge

61
Q

What type of tissue makes up most of the ear lobe?

A

Adipose

62
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Opening into the auditory canal

63
Q

What bone surrounds the outer ear canal?

A

Temporal bone

64
Q

List two types of glands found in the epithelium of the outer ear canal

A

Cereminous & sebaceous

65
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Earwax that protects epithelial layer

66
Q

Where are structures of the middle ear located?

A

Tympanic cavity of the temporal bone

67
Q

Which article is attached to the stapedius muscle?

A

Neck of stapes

68
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

Reduce motion of the stapes

69
Q

Which article is attached to the tensor tympani muscle?

A

Malleus

70
Q

Is the tympanic membrane a structure of the outer, middle, or inner ear?

A

Middle

71
Q

How does the tympanic membrane contribute to hearing?

A

Transduce vibrations 

72
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the tympanic membrane?

A

X - 10

V - 5

73
Q

Where does the air in the tympanic cavity come from?

A

Pharynx 

74
Q

Where is the auditory tube located?

A

Between nasopharynx & middle ear

75
Q

List the auditory ossicles in order starting with the one attached to the tympanic membrane

A

1 - malleus
2 - incus
3 - stapes

76
Q

What window is the stapes attached to?

A

Oval

77
Q

What is the name of the bony space surrounding the inner ear structures?

A

Bony labyrinth

78
Q

What is the relationship between the membranous labyrinth and the cochlear duct?

A

Cochlear duct is within the membranous labyrinth

79
Q

The cochlear duct another name for:

A

Scala media

80
Q

What fluid fills the cochlear duct?

A

Endolymph

81
Q

What fluid surrounds the cochlear duct?

A

Perilymph

82
Q

What structure is made up of the scala vestibuli and the scala tymphani filled with perilymph and the scala media filled with endolymph?

A

Cochlea – organ of hearing 

83
Q

What scala begins near the oval window?

A

Vestibuli

84
Q

What scala ends at the round window?

A

Tymphani

85
Q

The vestibular membrane is the floor of which scala?

A

Vestibuli

86
Q

The basilar membrane is the roof of which scala?

A

Tympani

87
Q

Where is the spiral organ located?

A

On the basilar membrane

88
Q

How does perilymph move in relation to the scala vestibuli and tympani?

A

Perilymph is moved forward up the scala vestibuli and down the scala tympani

89
Q

What function does the round window serve?

A

Relieve perilymph pressure

90
Q

Where is the tectorial membrane located?

A

Floor of scala media

91
Q

What tiny structures are embedded in the tectorial membrane?

A

Inner hair cells

92
Q

When do the stereocilia of inner hair cells and outer hair cells get bent?

A

When head moves, membrane moves, cilia are bent

93
Q

What causes depolarization of hair cells located in the spiral organ?

A

K+ rushing into cells

94
Q

Explain differentiation between soft and loud sounds

A

Intensity of basilar membrane vibration – release of neurotransmitter, triggered by hair cell movement

95
Q

What is the orientation of hair cells in the macula saccule?

A

Lies vertical on walls of saccule

96
Q

What is the orientation of hair cells in the macula utriculi

A

Lies horizontal

97
Q

What is the difference between stereocilia and kinocilia?

A

Stereocilia – most of the cilia on a hair cell

Kinocilia – main cilia on hair cell

98
Q

List the three semicircular ducts

A

Anterior, posterior, & lateral

99
Q

Describe the orientation of the semicircular ducts

A

Anterior & posterior - right angle

Lateral - 30° from horizontal 

100
Q

What is the composition of otoliths?

A

Calcium carbonate granules

101
Q

What is the function of otoliths in the otolithic membrane?

A

Give extra weight to membrane and increase inertia

102
Q

Where are impulses for equilibrium taken in order to control eye-movement reflexes?

A

Cerebellum

103
Q

Where impulses for the sensation of equilibrium taken in order to control postural reflexes?

A

Cerebellum

104
Q

Where are impulses for the sensation of equilibrium taken for conscious awareness?

A

Cerebral cortex

BIO 202 (4 decks)

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