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Pharmacology > Exam 2 Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 2 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Carprofen

A

MOI: COX inhibitor; COX2 inhibition slightly greater

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic in dogs and other small animals

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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2
Q

Ketoprofen

A

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (horses)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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3
Q

Deracoxib

A

MOI: COX2 inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (small animals)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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4
Q

Flunixin

A

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (large animals)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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5
Q

Phenylbutazone

A

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (horses)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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6
Q

Xylazine

A

MOI: alpha2-adrenergic agonist

Uses: sedative and analgesic, emetic in dogs & cats

Adverse effects: species specific, bradycardia

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7
Q

Detomidine

A

MOI: alpha2-adrenergic agonist

Uses: sedative and analgesic (only FDA-approved to use in horses)

Adverse effects: bradycardia

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8
Q

Clonidine

A

MOI: partial alpha2-adrenergic agonist

Uses: limited, but can be used for fear in dogs

Adverse effects: bradycardia

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9
Q

Yohimbine

A

MOI: alpha2-adrenergic antgonist

Uses: reversal of xylazine

Adverse effects: transient CNS excitation, increased respiration, muscle tremors

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10
Q

Tolazoline

A

MOI: alpha1/2 adrenergic antagonist

Uses: FDA-approved reversal of xylazine in horses

Adverse effects: tachycardia

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11
Q

Diazepam

A

MOI: GABA receptor agonist

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

T1/2: 80 min

Functional tolerance after 1wk of PO TID (CN)

Bioavailability: 40%

  • Cats get idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis
  • DEA Schedule IV
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12
Q

Midazolam

A

MOI: GABA receptor agonist (higher affinity than diazepam)

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

Bioavailability: 50% (IM)

  • good emergency option, water soluble
  • Erratic rectal absorption
  • Intranasal very effective
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13
Q

Lorazepam

A

MOI: GABA receptor agonist

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

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14
Q

Acepromazine

A

MOI: dopamine receptor antagonist centrally, alpha1 receptor antagonist peripherally

Uses: preanesthetic, anti-motion sickness

Adverse effects: hypotension

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15
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

MOI: dopamine receptor antagonist (less potent than acepromazine, but longer lasting)

Uses: pre-anesthetic, anti-motion sickness

Adverse effects: hypotension

***NOT RECOMMENDED in horses (experience agitation, excitement, aggression)

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16
Q

Morphine

A

MOI: primarily mu, some activity at kappa & delta opioid receptor agonist

Uses: analgesic, anti-tussive

Adverse effects: dose-related CNS, CVS & respiratory depression; GI stasis, vomiting

17
Q

Naloxone

A

MOI: kappa, mu, delta opioid receptor antagonist

Uses: reversal agent for opioid toxicity

Adverse effects: in opioid-dependent patients induces an acute opioid withdrawal response

18
Q

Butorphanol

A

MOI: kappa agonist; mu opioid receptor agonist/antagonist

Uses: anti-tussive, analgesic

Adverse effects: CNS excitement/sedation; GI stasis, vomiting

19
Q

Fentanyl

A

MOI: mu opioid receptor agonist

Uses: analgesic

Adverse effects: dose-related CNS, CVS, and respiratory depression; GI stasis, vomiting

20
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • long acting barbiturate with excellent anti-seizure properties
    • mechanism involves GABA
  • acidic drug w/ very long half-life (24-40hrs)
  • DEA controlled drug (Class IV)
  • Adverse effects:
    • ​chronic administration can produce:
      • physical dependence > WITHDRAWAL
      • marked induction of liver enzymes (decr T1/2, tolerance)
      • hepatotoxicity
      • decrease thryoid values
21
Q

Potassium bromide

A

MOA: unknown

Use: anticonvulsant

  • NOT a controlled drug/approved by FDA
  • actions diminished by hyperchloremia
    • incr CL intake will incr renal excretion!
  • used in dogs, TOXIC to cats!
  • Given IV as NaBr, not KBr!
22
Q

Zonisamide

A

MOA: involves GABAergic system

Uses: anticonvulsant

  • metabolized by liver
  • related to sulfonamide abx
23
Q

Levetiracetam

A

MOA: inhibits synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, blocks Ca channels to prevent NT release

  • As primary or adjunct tx
  • Safe in cats and rabbits
24
Q

Gabapentin

A

MOA: Presumeably works via GABAergic system

  • NOT an effective AED in dogs
    • Drug choice in rabbits
  • Used for neuro pain, AED
25
Q

Hydrocortisone

A
  • natural adrenal hormone that exhibits BOTH gluco- and mineralocorticoid activities
  • administered via all routes depending on salt form
  • used in most small and large animal species
  • Adverse Effects: HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism
26
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • most widely used across species
  • long acting agent (SID/BID)
  • Synthetic agent that is 30X more potent that cortisol with little to no mineralocorticoid activity
  • excellent anti-inflammatory profile with rapid onset
  • Adverse Effects: usual concerns + colonic perforation and laminitis (horses)
27
Q

Triamcinolone

A
  • Synthetic agent that is 4-5 times more potent than cortisol and little to no mineralocorticoid activity
  • intermediate duration of action
  • Adverse Effects: acute laminitis in horses, HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism
28
Q

Prednisone/Prednisolone

A
  • Classical synthetic agent used in many spp
  • 4-5X more potent anti-inflammatory actions vs. hydrocortisol
  • More mineralocorticoid activity than other synthetic agents
  • Prednisone is converted to prednisolone in the liver
    • Not well absorbed PO in horses
    • May not be well absorbed or well converted in cats

***RECOMMENDED to use prednisolone in cats/horses

  • Don’t use for animals w/ severe bacterial/fungal infxn, corneal ulceration
29
Q

Methyl-Prednisolone

A
  • Synthetic agent similar to prednisone except devoid of mineralocorticoid activity
  • Duration of action is very formulation-dependent
  1. ​Sodium succinate- water-soluble form w/ rapid effect, neuroprotective (tx acute spinal injury)
  2. Acetate - insoluble suspension > VERY LONG ACTING - Shake before use

Adverse Effects: HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism

30
Q

Penicillins

A
  • Oldest group of antimicrobials
  • Bacteriocidal (time-dependent killing)
  • toxicity is relatively minor in most species
  • drug interactions are limited (diminished renal tubular secretion)
31
Q

Natural penicillins: Penicillin G

A

Agent: penicillin G (IM)

  • degraded by beta-lactamases
  • Effective against: Q1/2/4
  • procaine salt is long acting (residues in food animals) and can cause CNS signs (horses, birds, snakes, turtles, guinea pigs, chinchillas)
  • mainly used in LA (horses, food animals intra mammary)
32
Q

Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin

A

Agents: amoxicillin (oral), ampicillin (IV, IM)

  • first line of drugs for empirical treatment in SA (non-CNS)
  • Adverse effects: disrupt GI flora (nausea, vomiting)
33
Q

Extended-Spectrum penicillins: Ticarcillin

A

Agents: ticarcillin

  • improved Q3 (gram + anaerobes) activity esp. Pseudomonas (IV-reserved use)
  • susceptible to beta-lactamase
34
Q

Describe cephalosporins

A
  • second major group of beta-lactam antibiotics
  • MOA - cell wall inhibitors via PBP
  • Bacteriocidal (time-dependent kill)
  • Strong cross resistance in pen-sensitive animals
35
Q

Augmented penicillins/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors: Clavulanic Acid

A

Agents: amoxicillin/clavulanate (oral), ampicillin/sulbactam (IV)

  • combo of broad spectrum agent + beta-lactamase inhibitor
  • Adverse effects: dangerous GI toxicity in horses, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs

Pharmacology (33 decks)

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