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Pharmacology > Chemo Agents > Flashcards

Chemo Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general mechanisms of action of chemo agents?

A

Targeting the cell cycle and biology of tumor growth

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2
Q

In order for chemo to work, cancer cells must be more/less sensitive to the drugs than normal tissue?

A

More; rely on normal tissue to be able to respond appropriately and recover

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3
Q

Which are the phase-specific chemo agents?

A

Vincristine, Vinblastine (M), Cytosine arabinoside (Cytosar), Methotrexate (S)

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4
Q

Which are the phase non-specific agents?

A
  • Alkylating agents
  • Nitrosoureas
  • Antitumor antibiotics
  • Procarbazine
  • Platinum derivatives
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5
Q

What is the most commonly use and largest group of chemo agents?

A

Alkylating agents

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6
Q

Carboplatin

A

Classification: Alkylating agent

Non-phase specific

MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis

Toxicity: myelosuppression, monitor platelets

SAFE FOR CATS, fewer GI SE

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7
Q

Antimetabolites

A
  • Cell cycle phase specific- S phase
  • MOI: Cuts out folate in cell cycle; inserted into DNA and non-functional
  • Agents: Methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside (Cytosar)
  • Cross BBB
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8
Q

Methotrexate

A

Classification: Antimetabolite

Cell cycle phase specific- S phase

MOI: Cuts out folate in cell cycle; inserted into DNA and non-functional

Uses: lymphoma, CNS tumors, osteosarcoma

Toxicity: GI and myelosuppression

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9
Q

Cytosine Arabinoside (Cytosar)

A

Classification: Antimetabolite

Cell cycle phase specific- S phase

MOI: Cuts out folate in cell cycle; inserted into DNA and non-functional

Uses: renal lymphoma, lymphoma rescue, CNS tumors

Toxicity: none mentioned, efficiently removed from circulation by the kidney

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10
Q

Antibiotic Chemo Agents

A

Cell cycle phase nonspecific

MOA: free radical damage, inhibition of topoisomerase II

Agents: Doxorubicin, Actinomycin D, Mitoxantrone

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11
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Classification: Antibiotic

Cell cycle phase nonspecific

MOA: free radical damage, inhibition of topoisomerase II

Uses: lymphoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma

Toxicity: anaphylaxis, vesicant, cardiotoxicity

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12
Q

Mitoxantrone

A

Classification: Antibiotic

Cell cycle phase nonspecific

MOA: free radical damage, inhibition of topoisomerase II

Uses: LSA rescue, TCC, thymomas

Toxicity: myelosuppression, GI

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13
Q

Actinomycin D

A

Classificiation: Antibiotic

Cell cycle phase nonspecific

MOA: free radical damage, inhibition of topoisomerase II

Uses: lymphoma rescue, non-cardiotoxic substitute for Doxorubicin

Toxicity: myelosuppression and GI

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14
Q

Plant Alkaloids

A

Cell cycle phase specific - M phase

MOI: Bind microtubules, prevent assembly/disassembly

Agents: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine, Taxanes

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15
Q

Vincristine

A

Classification: Plant Alkaloid

Cell cycle phase specific - M phase

MOI: Bind microtubules, prevent assembly/disassembly

Uses: lymphoma (combo protocols), transmissible venereal tumor, thrombocytopenia

Toxicity: vesicant, myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy

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16
Q

Vinblastine

A

Classification: Plant alkaloid

Cell cycle phase specific - M phase

MOI: Bind microtubules, prevent assembly/disassembly

Uses: Mast cell tumor, sub for vincristine if neuropathy suspected

Toxicity: vesicant, myelosuppression (> vincristine)

17
Q

Hormones

A
  • Agents: Prednisone
  • MOA: bind to cytoplasmic receptors & inhibit DNA synthesis
  • Uses: lymphoma, mast cell tumor, insulinoma, intracranial neoplasia
  • Toxicity: PU/PD, polyphagia, panting, GI ulcers

DO NOT USE CONCURRENTLY WITH NSAIDS

18
Q

Enzymes

A

Cell cycle phase nonspecific - max G1 phase activity Agents: L-asparaginase

19
Q

L-asparaginase

A

Classification: Misc. Enzyme

Cell cycle phase nonspecific - max G1 phase activity

MOI: Breaks down asparagine w/o which cancer cells cannot make DNA

Uses: lymphoma

Toxicity: anaphylaxis!, potentiate vincristine-induced myelosuppression, pancreatitis; Alone NOT myelosuppressive

20
Q

Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

A

Targeted therapy - only in vet med!

Toceranib and Masitinib

MOA: targets RT-kinases

Uses: Mast cell tumors

Toxicity (KIT): bone marrow, GI, skin, renal Also Masitinib (Kinavet) - not found in US

21
Q

Tanovea

A

Classification: Targeted Therapy

MOA: prodrug - active phosphorylated form = potent inhibitor of replicative DNA polymerases

Uses: canine lymphoma (1st FDA approved tx)

Toxicity: Decr WBC count, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased/loss of appetite, weight loss, skin problems, pulmonary fibrosis in dogs (NOT USED IN WESTIES)

22
Q

Describe alkylating agents

A
  • Largest group of chemo agents
  • Cell cycle non-specific
  • MOI: cross-link DNA, inhibit protein synthesis
  • Class cross-resistance
  • All derivatives of nitrogen mustard (mustard gas)
23
Q

What do we associate with cytotoxicity of alkylating agents?

A

Inter-strand crosslinking

24
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A
  • Classification: Alkylating agent
  • Non-phase specific
  • MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis
  • Uses: lymphoma, hemangiosarcs, STS
  • Toxicity: myelosuppresion, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis***, GI
25
Q

What is the active ingredient that causes cystitis?

A

Acrolein

26
Q

Chlorambucil

A
  • Classification: Alkylating agent
  • Non-phase specific
  • MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis
  • Uses: multiple myeloma (most common), substitute for Cytoxan, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, feline GI (small cell) lymphoma
  • Toxicity: mild myelosuppression, GI
  • KEEP COLD!
27
Q

Lomustine

A

Classification: Alkylating agent

MOI: cross links DNA

Non-phase specific

Uses: LOPP rescue protocol

Toxicity: myelosuppressive and hepatotoxic (alpha-lipoic acid and Denamarin are protectants), Neutropenia nadir variable (immunosuppressive)

28
Q

Procarbazine

A

Classification: Alkylating agent

Non-phase specific

MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis

Uses: LOPP/MOPP rescue protocol

Toxicity: none?

29
Q

Cisplatin

A

Classification: Alkylating agent

Non-phase specific

MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis

Uses: osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, equine sarcoids

Toxicity: nephrotoxic (diurese), nausea, fatal pulmonary edema in cats

30
Q

Melphalan

A

Classification: Alkylating agent

Non-phase specific

MOI: crosslinks DNA, inhibits protein synthesis

Uses: multiple myeloma, lymphoma rescue

Toxicity: myelosuppression (thrombocytopenia), GI

Pharmacology (33 decks)

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