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Nutr 344 > Exam 2 - CVD > Flashcards

Exam 2 - CVD Flashcards

1
Q

Define CVD.

A

It is a class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels.

It includes: CAD, heart attack, ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, heart failure, etc.

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2
Q

Define CVD.

A

It is a class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels.

It includes: CAD, heart attack, ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, heart failure, etc.

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3
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A condition that develops when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries.

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4
Q

CVD is the leading cause of death in the U.S., what is its prevalence?

A

1/3 deaths in America

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5
Q

What are some of risk factors associated with CVD? (7)

A
  1. Inactivity
  2. Hypertension
  3. High cholesterol
  4. Poor diet
  5. Obesity
  6. Smoking
  7. Diabetes
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6
Q

What is the name of the famous study done on CVD?

A

Framingham Heart Study

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7
Q

What was the main objective of the Framingham Heart Study?

A

To identify the most common risk factors or characteristics associated with CVD.

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8
Q

What were the risk factors that the framingham study find that was linked to CVD?

A 
Major risk factors:
Hypertension
High Cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes
Physical Activity
Other related risk factors:
Triglycerides
HDL
Age
Gender
Psychosocial Issues
LDL
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9
Q

What is a good HDL level?

A

Optimal: > 60
Low:

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10
Q

What is a good TC level?

A

Optimal:

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11
Q

What is a good LDL Level?

A

Optimal:

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12
Q

What is a good triglyceride level?

A

Optimal:

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13
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

A
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14
Q

What does NCEP stand for?

A

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)

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15
Q

What does TLC stand for?

A

Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)

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16
Q

What is the nutrient composition of the TLC diet?

Saturated fat _______

Polyunsaturated fat _______

Monounsaturated fat _______

Total fat ________

Carbohydrate _________

Fiber _________

Soluble fiber _________

Protein Approximately ______

_________________________

A

Saturated fat:

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17
Q

What are the general American Heart Association recommendations? (4)

A
  1. Use up at least as many calories as you take in
  2. Eat a variety of nutritious foods from all the food groups
  3. Eat less nutrient-poor foods
  4. Don’t smoke and stay away from second hand smoke
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18
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A condition that develops when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries.

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19
Q

CVD is the leading cause of death in the U.S., what is its prevalence?

A

1/3 deaths in America

How well did you know this?
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20
Q

What are some of risk factors associated with CVD? (7)

A
  1. Inactivity
  2. Hypertension
  3. High cholesterol
  4. Poor diet
  5. Obesity
  6. Smoking
  7. Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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21
Q

What is the name of the famous study done on CVD?

A

Framingham Heart Study

22
Q

What was the main objective of the Framingham Heart Study?

A

To identify the most common risk factors or characteristics associated with CVD.

23
Q

What were the risk factors that the framingham study find that was linked to CVD?

A 
Major risk factors:
Hypertension
High Cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes
Physical Activity
Other related risk factors:
Triglycerides
HDL
Age
Gender
Psychosocial Issues
LDL
24
Q

What is a good HDL level?

A

Optimal: > 60
Low:

25
Q

Do trans fats occur in nature? if so, where?

A

Yes they occur in nature and the process occurs in RUMINANTS via bacterial hydrogenation.

26
Q

What is a good LDL Level?

A

Optimal:

27
Q

What is a good triglyceride level?

A

Optimal:

28
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

A
29
Q

What does NCEP stand for?

A

National Cholesterol Education Protein (NCEP)

30
Q

What does TLC stand for?

A

Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)

31
Q

What is the TLC focused on? (3)

A

It focuses on:

  1. Reducing saturated fats
  2. Weight reduction
  3. Increasing physical activity
32
Q

What is the nutrient composition of the TLC diet?

Saturated fat _______

Polyunsaturated fat _______

Monounsaturated fat _______

Total fat ________

Carbohydrate _________

Fiber _________

Soluble fiber _________

Protein Approximately ______

_________________________

A

Saturated fat:

33
Q

What are the general American Heart Association recommendations? (4)

A
  1. Use up at least as many calories as you take in
  2. Eat a variety of nutritious foods from all the food groups
  3. Eat less nutrient-poor foods
  4. Don’t smoke and stay away from second hand smoke
34
Q

Based on the AHA, how much should you exercise for?

A

Aim for 30 minutes/day in at least 10 minutes/session

35
Q

Based on the AHA, how often should you eat fish?

A

Twice a week

36
Q

What is the effect of eating saturated fats?

A

RAISES LDL
RAISES HDL
RAISES TC

37
Q

Is there a direct association between saturated fats and CVD?

A

NO.

BUT, there is strong evidence that replacing SFA with PUFA reduces TC and LDL-C and the risk of CVD events.

It is better to replace saturated fasts with unsaturated fats, then to replace them with carbohydrates.

38
Q

What is the DGA’s recommendation for saturated fats?

A

Retain the 10% upper limit for saturated fats.

39
Q

Is trans fat saturated or unsaturated?

A

It is unsaturated.

40
Q

Why is trans fat unique?

A

The double bond configuation is altered during hydrogenation of liquid oils.

41
Q

Do trans fats occur in nature? if so, where?

A

Yes they occur in nature and the process occurs in RUMINANTS via bacterial hydrogenation.

42
Q

What is trans fats affect on LDL and HDL?

A

RAISES LDL

LOWERS HDL

43
Q

What is another name for omega-6 FA?

A

Linoleic Acid (an essential fatty acid)

44
Q

What is the current ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3? What do we want it to be for heart health?

A

Currently: 16:1

What we want: 4:1

45
Q

What is another name for omega-3 FA?

A

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (an essential fatty acid)

46
Q

What are two other types of omega-3 fatty acids found in cold water fish and seafood?

A

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

47
Q

What is the AI for n-3 FA?

A
  1. 1 g/day for women 14+

1. 4 g/day for men 14+

48
Q

What is a benefit of consuming omega-3 FA?

A

It has been found to reduce TG levels and inhibit platelet aggregation.

49
Q

What is homocysteine?

A

homocysteine is an amino acid that is found in the blood for a short time.

50
Q

How does homocysteine become present in the blood and why is this a concern?

A

Homocysteine is found in the blood when methionine is metabolized.

High levels are thought to cause damage to the linings of arteries and speeds up formation of blood clots

51
Q

What is needed to reduce Homocysteine levels?

A

Folic acid, Vitamin B6 and B12 are necessary to convert Homocysteine to other amino acids.

52
Q

What is the main source of fat for the Mediterranean diet?

A

MUFA oils are the main source of fat

Nutr 344 (10 decks)

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