Exam 2, choline

Question 1

choline structure

Answer 1

no ring, small, lots of methyl groups

Question 2

why is choline conditionally essential (we can make it from?)

Answer 2

we can make it from glycine, but not 100% of what we need for optimal functioning, so we still need more from diet

Question 3

choline is a component of ____, a component of ______ (found in ___) and a component of _____

Answer 3

phosphatidylcholine, lecithin, yellow brown fat, biological membranes

Question 4

MAIN function of choline

Answer 4

membrane-mediated cell signaling

Question 5

lipid rafts: composition and importance

Answer 5

choline is necessary to produce phosphatidylcholine which is one of the main lipids in the lipid rafts. these are needed for structure, they’re more rigid. and for signal transduction.

Question 6

choline also plays a role in ____ synthesis

Answer 6

acetylcholine (it’s a part of the neurotransmitter)
*treatment for cognitive conditions

Question 7

what is the importance of methyl groups

Answer 7

-choline is metabolized to betaine
-betaine: a source of methyl groups to convert homocysteine to methionine (an essential AA)
-reduction of homocysteine is beneficial to heart health
-prevention of cardiovascular disease

Question 8

deficiency of choline causes

Answer 8

fatty liver

Question 9

choline RDI

Answer 9

M: 550 mg
F: 425 mg
UL: 3,500 mg

Question 10

toxicity choline

Answer 10

-characteristic: fishy body odor
-vomiting, salivation, sweating
-decreased BP
-tinnitus (ringing of ears)

Question 11

main source choline

Answer 11

egg YOLK

Question 12

choline degradation produces

Answer 12

glycine 5’10 methylene THF

Question 13

vulnerable populations for deficiency

Answer 13

pregnant + lactating women (important for fetal growth and development)
vegans + vegetarians: many sources are animal based
older adults