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Social Psychology > Exam 2 (chapters 5, 6, and 9) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (chapters 5, 6, and 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define actor-observer effect

A

The tendency people have to make dispositional inferences for others’ behaviors but situational attributions for their own

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2
Q

Define belief in a just world

A

The idea that people have to believe that the world is fair, and that they adjust their other beliefs to maintain that stance by concluding that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

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3
Q

Define belief perseverance

A

Holding on to one’s beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence

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4
Q

Define correspondence bias

A

The tendency of people to make dispositional attributions for others’ behaviors

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5
Q

Define correspondent inference theory

A

The theory that people base their inferences regarding the source of others’ behaviors on whether or not the behavior was freely chosen, if the consequences are distinctive, and if the behavior was socially desirable

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6
Q

Define covariation theory

A

The theory that people base their inferences regarding the source of others’ behaviors on whether or not there is a consensus regarding the way one ought to respond, the distinctiveness of the response, and the consistency of the person’s response across situations

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7
Q

Define fundamental attribution error

A

A more commonly known name for the correspondence bias. The scientific community now leans toward using “correspondence bias” so as not to suggest that these inferences are inherently in “error”

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8
Q

Define dispositional attribution

A

Inferring that a person’s traits, something internal, caused their behavior

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9
Q

Define the halo effect

A

When one positive thing is known or believed about a target person, we tend to infer that the individual is positive overall and thus has other positive features

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10
Q

Define the need for cognition

A

The need that some individuals have to think, solve problems, and understand their world accurately

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11
Q

Define nonverbal cues

A

Behaviors, gestures, and expressions that convey thought or emotion without words

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12
Q

Define the primacy effect

A

The phenomenon whereby the first pieces of information to which we are exposed have the most impact on our judgements

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13
Q

Define the recency effect

A

The phenomenon whereby the last pieces of information to which we are exposed have heightened impact on our judgements, relative to information received in the middle

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14
Q

Define self-verification

A

The motivation of an individual for others to know them accurately, including their negative features

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15
Q

Define situational attribution

A

Inferring that the situation in which a person is in, something external to the person, caused their behavior

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16
Q

Define spontaneous trait interference

A

The process of automatically inferring traits from another person’s behavior

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17
Q

Define the three-stage model of attribution

A

A model in which an observer automatically characterizes a behavior, automatically makes a dispositional inference, and then uses conscious effort to correct for situational constraints if the observer has the cognitive capacity to do so

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18
Q

Define the what is beautiful is good effect

A

The phenomenon wherein beautiful things are imbued with positivity and activate positive things in the mind

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19
Q

Which of these emotions is not one of the core six, recognizable by the same facial expressions across cultures?

a) fear
b) anger
c) sympathy
d) disgust

A

Sympathy

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20
Q

Why are we bad at detecting deception?

a) we assume people are honest
b) we don’t attend to cues that would reveal deception
c) we aren’t lied to very often so we don’t have much experience with it
d) we endorse stereotypes about what nonverbal behaviors mean

A

We assume people are honest

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21
Q

When are we more likely to make a dispositional attribution?

a) if we are from a collectivistic culture
b) when we are judging our own behavior
c) when we have a high need for cognition
d) when we are judging others’ behavior

A

When we are judging others’ behavior

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22
Q

Which of these influences impressions the least?

a) primacy
b) concentration
c) recency
d) centrality of that trait to personality

A

Concentration

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23
Q

Belief in a just world doesn’t arise from:

a) a desire to believe that things happen for a reason
b) a belief that we are good, so good things should happen to us
c) efforts to ameliorate anxiety about our futures
d) depressive episodes

A

Depressive episodes

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24
Q

How long does it take to form an impression of someone?

a) as soon as we learn one fact about that person
b) 0.1 second after exposure
c) as soon as we learn one central feature of that person
d) one second after exposure

A

0.1 second after exposure

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25
Q

Why did changing a person’s description from including “warm” to including “cold” have such a profound effect on impressions of that person in Asch’s 1946 study?

a) because it was presented last
b) because it was central to personality
c) because people were asked to form impressions based on all the words
d) because people focus on visceral words

A

Because it was central to personality

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26
Q

Exposure to a beautiful face can do all of these except:

a) activate other positive things in memory
b) make you more helpful toward that person
c) make you more helpful in general
d) make women portray themselves as less intelligent

A

Make you more helpful in general

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27
Q

You meet an employee in your company who is described as “diligent”. You later remember them as being hardworking. This is an example of:

a) the halo effect
b) confirmation bias
c) correspondence bias
d) the primacy effect

A

The halo effect

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28
Q

In the study by Snyder and Swann (1978), if a participant believed that a target person was an introvert, what kind of questions would the participant ask the target?

a) questions about introverted activities
b) questions about extroverted activities
c) questions about their hobbies
d) none; since the person was not socially oriented, there was no point

A

Questions about introverted activities

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29
Q

Why were the 2016 election polls so wrong?

A

Many upper middle class white people didn’t want to admit they liked Trump

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30
Q

The NYT said that Hillary Clinton had a ___% chance of winning the 2016 election as late as election day

A

The NYT said that Hillary Clinton had a 85% chance of winning the 2016 election as late as election day

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31
Q

The NYT overestimated the turn out of educated _______ voters

A

non-white

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32
Q

Why is it hard to predict if someone will actually vote the way they say they will?

A

People say things just to look good, and predicting behavior is hard

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33
Q

What was the La Pierre study?

A

There were negative attitudes against Asian Americans after WWII, so he took an Asian American couple to 134 hotels to see if they’d rent them a room. Most hotels had the official policy of not renting to Asian people, but in reality most did let the couple rent a room

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34
Q

Give an example of measuring attitudes of others

A

Jury selection

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35
Q

Which of the following is more predictive of behavior?

a) emotion
b) cognition
c) vibes

A

a) emotion

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36
Q

_____ is far more predictive of behavior than cognition

A

Emotion

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37
Q

Attitude = _____ + ______

A

Attitude = emotion + cognition

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38
Q

List some predictors of behavior

A

Emotion, knowledge, rehearsal, and attitudes

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39
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

When you do something that goes against your beliefs and you feel very bad for it. Oftentimes since you can’t change what you did, you’ll change your attitude/ beliefs to match your behavior.

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40
Q

Describe the the “blue eyed kids” example given in the cognitive dissonance video shown in class

A

Your parents tell you that kids with blue eyes are bad and to stay away from them. You eventually run into some and they’re normal people. You can either 1) change your behavior and treat them like normal people or 2) change your attitude and go back to believing they’re somehow bad

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41
Q

What are two reasons why behavior might influence attitude?

A

Cognitive dissonance and self-perception

42
Q

What was the conclusion of the experiment shown in the cognitive dissonance video?

A

The group that got paid money to hype up people about a boring task actually found the task less boring

43
Q

Define accessibility

A

The degree to which a concept is active in our consciousness

44
Q

Define ambivalence

A

Simultaneously experiencing strong contradictory emotions or motivations

45
Q

Define attitudes

A

Having an evaluate component toward a stimulus that’s made up of affective, behavioral, and cognitive information

46
Q

Define chronic accessibility

A

Accessibility arising from frequent and recent exposure to a construct that has permanence; that is; it’s accessible all the time

47
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

A type of learning by which a neutral stimulus (UCS) gets paired with a stimulus that elicits a response (UCR). Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus (CS) by itself elicits the response (CR) of the second stimulus

48
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

The anxiety that arises from acting in a way discordant with your attitudes. This anxiety is resolved by adjusting one’s attitudes to be in line with the behavior

49
Q

Define conditioned response (CR)

A

A learned response to the conditioned stimulus that was previously a neutral stimulus

50
Q

Define conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A stimulus that, only by repeated association with a particular unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a response associated with the unconditioned stimulus

51
Q

Define explicit attitudes

A

Attitudes of which one is aware and that one can control

52
Q

Define implicit association test (IAT)

A

A test that measures how easily we associate categories with positive or negative attitudes, including measures in categories ranging from racial and religious attitudes to attitudes about presidents

53
Q

Define implicit attitudes

A

Attitudes that are automatically formed and activated without our even being aware of it

54
Q

Define impression management

A

The process by which people either consciously or unconsciously attempt to monitor how they appear to others by regulating the information conveyed about themselves in a social interaction, and thus attitude change is more likely when counterattitudinal behavior occurs in public

55
Q

Define mere exposure effedct

A

The phenomenon whereby objects become better-liked with exposure; we like things more if we’re familiar with them

56
Q

Define name-letter effect

A

The tendency to show a preference for letters in our own name and prefer stimuli that contain those letters

57
Q

Define observational learning

A

Acquiring an attitude or behavior due to the observation of others exhibiting that attitude or behavior

58
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which the frequency oh behavior is determined by reinforcement and punishment

59
Q

Define post-decision dissonance

A

Cognitive dissonance that results from having to reject one appealing choice in favor of another

60
Q

Define self-affirmation theory

A

The theory that we are more open to attitudinal change when we have recently been given an opportunity to affirm our core values and identity

61
Q

Define theory of planned behavior

A

The theory that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control of the individual lead to behavior

62
Q

Define unconditioned response (UCR)

A

A response that occurs automatically in reaction to some stimulus, without learning taking place

63
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that elicits a response automatically, without learning taking place

64
Q

Which of these methods is best at measuring implicit attitudes?

a) observation
b) self-report
c) introspection
d) the IAT

A

d) the IAT

65
Q

Which of these events are we most likely to remember?

a) the A we got in social psych
b) the F we got in social psych
c) the sound of a clock ticking
d) the hue of the color magenta

A

b) the F we got in social psych

66
Q

You are afraid of thunder. I decide that every time there is a thunderstorm, I will make you hold a rabbit. Now you also fear rabbits. The rabbit is the:

a) unconditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned response
c) conditioned stimulus
d) conditioned response

A

c) conditioned stimulus

67
Q

You make me a delicious dinner. Since I want more dinners made for me, I bring you wine and smile a lot when you cook for me. What am I doing?

a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment

A

a) positive reinforcement

68
Q

Cognitive dissonance causes people to strive to diminish which personality trait?

a) guilt
b) hypocrisy
c) fear
d) prejudice

A

b) hypocrisy

69
Q

Why do implicit attitudes influence behavior?

a) because associations in memory are activated outside of awareness
b) because we endorse implicit attitudes
c) because we mimic these attitudes in others
d) implicit attitudes don’t influence behavior

A

a) because associations in memory are activated outside of awareness

70
Q

Hotel owners didn’t keep the Chinese couple from staying t the hotels in the research by LaPiere (1934). Which is LEAST likely to be the reason?

a) the couple was kind
b) the couple spoke ‘proper english’
c) the generality of the stereotype versus the specificity of the couple
d) the owners didn’t really mean it when they said they wouldn’t admit a Chinese couple

A

d) the owners didn’t really mean it when they said they wouldn’t admit a Chinese couple

71
Q

Which influences the impact of attitudes on behavior the least?

a) strength of the attitude
b) specificity of the attitude
c) superordinance of the attitude
d) accessibility of the attitude

A

c) superordinance of the attitude

72
Q

When you act in a way that’s different from how you believe you should, you:

a) change your behavior
b) change your attitude
c) a or b, depending on whether or not the behavior can be changed and the strength of the attitude
d) neither a nor b

A

c) a or b, depending on whether or not the behavior can be changed and the strength of the attitude

73
Q

What is the best way to get others to listen to your opinions, based on attitude research?

a) talk louder
b) allow them to do something affirming their beliefs
c) try to provide proof for your opinions
d) show them that most people share your opinion

A

b) allow them to do something affirming their beliefs

74
Q

Define bargaining

A

A means of resolving conflict that involves each side of the dispute making offers, counteroffers, and concessions

75
Q

Define biased perception

A

The belief that we are justified in our own thoughts and actions, but that others are biased in their beliefs and behaviors

76
Q

Define cohesion

A

The degree to which a group is connected

77
Q

Define conflict

A

The perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

78
Q

Define deindividuation

A

The tendency for an individual within a group to let go of self-awareness and restraint and do what the group is doing

79
Q

Define distraction conflict theory

A

The idea that a person performing a task in front of others experiences a conflict of attention between the audience and the task at hand, thus increasing the motivation to succeed when completing simple tasks

80
Q

Define evaluation apprehension

A

The idea that one’s performance will be hindered or heightened due to approval or disapproval from others

81
Q

Define GRIT

A

GRIT stands for “graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction”; a step-by-step formula for de-escalating a conflict that involves unilateral concessions and quick reciprocation by the opposition

82
Q

Define group

A

Two or more people who are seen as a unit and interact with each other

83
Q

Define group norms

A

Rules or expectations regarding desirable behaviors that group members strive to follow

84
Q

Define group polarization

A

The tendency for an attitude or belief to become magnified within a group after members discuss an issue amongst themselves

85
Q

Define groupthink

A

A manner of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic evaluation of other solutions

86
Q

Define hostile attribution bias

A

Happens when people assume that the intentions of another person are hostile

87
Q

Define realistic group conflict

A

The theory that conflict stems from competition for limited resources such as money, land, power, or other things

88
Q

Define risky shift

A

The tendency for people in groups to take greater risks than if the actions were to be taken by individual members alone

89
Q

Define transactional leader

A

A leader who believes in a ladder of authority and considers people on lower rungs to be subordinates, and therefore required to follow the instructions set forth by their manager; this type of leader rewards good work and works efficiently to solve problems

90
Q

Define transformational leader

A

A leader who believes in inspiring their followers with energy and devotion, thereby transforming the group and its members

91
Q

Which of the following is not a trait of a typical group

a) similar beliefs
b) anger over perceived injustices
c) cohesion
d) the presence of leaders and followers

A

b) anger over perceived injustices

92
Q

Which psychological researcher is credited with being the first to study the theory of social facilitation?

a) Baron
b) Ringelmann
c) Zajonc
d) Triplett

A

d) Triplett

93
Q

Which of the following is not a reason that social loafing occurs?

a) the feeling of less accountability
b) less pressure to perform when others will pick up the slack
c) the fear of performing when there’s an audience
d) the feeling that the individual’s contribution isn’t important

A

c) the fear of performing when there’s an audience

94
Q

Which term describes the tendency for a person in a group to lose self-awareness and go along with the group

a) deindividuation
b) social loafing
c) bargaining
d) social facilitation

A

a) deindividuation

95
Q

Which term best describes the tendency for group members to develop a more extreme position when in a group setting?

a) groupthink
b) deindividuation
c) group polarization
d) social loafing

A

c) group polarization

96
Q

Which of the following isn’t true of transformational leaders?

a) they nurture trust among group members
b) they are passionate and energetic
c) they create intrinsic motivation within their followers
d) they believe in punishment for poor work

A

d) they believe in punishment for poor work

97
Q

What is an example of attribution bias?

a) You see a stranger kick a soda machine and assume they’re an angry person
b) You believe you’re justified in your own thoughts and actions but think that other people are biased in their beliefs and actions
c) Your professor harshly criticizes your work and you develop a dislike for her
d) You give a fantastic oral presentation because you like public speaking

A

a) You see a stranger kick a soda machine and assume they’re an angry person

98
Q

Which isn’t involved in the bargaining process?

a) One side makes an initial offer
b) The other side makes a counter offer
c) One side makes a concession with no expectation that the opposition will also make a concession
d) Both sides try to find similarities with each other

A

c) One side makes a concession with no expectation that the opposition will also make a concession

99
Q

Which event isn’t an example of the successful use of bargaining to resolve a conflict?

a) the Louisiana Purchase
b) the Cuban missile crisis
c) hostage situations
d) the Iraq war

A

d) the Iraq war

100
Q

Which is a step-by-step method for resolving a conflict?

a) hostile attribution bias
b) realistic group conflict
c) GRIT
d) none of the above

A

c) GRIT

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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