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MCB 2610 > EXAM 2- Chapter 7 Part 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 2- Chapter 7 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the required elements for growth?

A

Macronutrients
Micronutrients

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

CHONPS- used to make macromolecules
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and iron- needed in higher abundance; to make enzyme cofactors

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

(trace elements)
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu
also used for enzyme cofactors

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4
Q

Electron acquisition- two types

A

organotrophs
lithotrophs

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5
Q

Organotrophs

A

acquire their electrons from organic molecules

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6
Q

Lithotrophs

A

“rock eaters”
acquire their electrons from inorganic sources
Ex. Hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia

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7
Q

Energy acquisition- two types

A

Phototrophs
chemotrophs

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8
Q

Phototrophs

A

Capture light energy to produce ATP

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9
Q

Chemotrops

A

capture energy from oxidation of reduced organic and inorganic compounds
(chemicals)

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10
Q

Carbon acquisition- two types

A

Autotrophs
Hetertrophs

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11
Q

Autotrophs

A

assimilate carbon from inorganic sources
most commonly CO2

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12
Q

Heterotrophs

A

assimilate carbon in pre-exisiting organic form
most commonly sugars and Amino Acids

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13
Q

T/F: Some microorganisms can use the same source for acquisition of all three

A

True
glucose is an example of this

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14
Q

Mixotroph

A

microorganism that has great metabolic felxability and alter their metabolism in response to environmental changes
Can change nutritional type

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15
Q

Where are mixotrophs commonly found?

A

Environments that are constantly changing

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16
Q

Why can’t every microorganism be a mixotroph?

A
  • Have to encode extra pathways in the genome- this takes up more space and slows replications
  • can be taken over by microorganisms that replicate faster
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17
Q

Importance of Sulfur

A

amino acids and coenzymes

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18
Q

How is sulfur obtained?

A
  1. Amino acid- cysteine and methionine
  2. Sulfate through assimilatory sulfate reduction
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19
Q

Assimilatory sulfate reduction

A

sulfate into sulfite into hydrogen sulfide

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20
Q

Importance of Phosphorus

A

nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes, and some proteins

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21
Q

Phosphorus sources

A
  1. inorganic phosphate: produced when ATP is hydrolyzed
  2. organic molecules: that contain phosphoryl group
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22
Q

Importance of Nitrogen

A

amino acids, purines/pyrimidines, some carbs/lipids, and enzyme cofactors

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23
Q

Nitrogen sources

A
  1. metabolism of amino acids, nitrates, and ammonia in atmosphere
  2. Nitrogen Fixation
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24
Q

What are growth Factors

A

organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism but are essential for growth

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25
Q

Where do growth factors usually come from?

A

the environment

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26
Q

Why are growth factors important?

A

Microorganisms need them to grow and live
If trying to grow microorganisms in lab, these must be supplied to the media

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27
Q

Three classes of growth factors and what they are used for

A
  1. amino acids- protein synthesis
  2. purines/pyrimidines- nucleic acid synthesis
  3. Vitamins- enzyme cofactors (needed in small amounts)
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28
Q

How does nutrient concentration relate to growth?

A

Growth rate is depended on amounts of nutrients in environment
One key nutrient available at lowest amount determines how much growth

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29
Q

Why is oxygen important in growth

A

WHen using oxygen it creates reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Microbrial growth in oxygen is determined by what defenses are available to protect from ROS

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30
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species

A

Oxygen is easily reduced to its toxic reactive species
contain unpaired electrons
can be toxic to cells and damaging to macromolecules

31
Q

Anaerobe

A

growth occurs without oxygen

32
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

aren’t harmed by oxygen but do not use it either

33
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

cannot grow in presence of oxygen
Oxygen will kill them

34
Q

Faculative anerobe

A

CAN use oxygen but can also grow in its absence
Prefer oxygen when it is present

35
Q

Aerobe

A

growth in the presence of oxygen

36
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

require oxygen

37
Q

For aerobes how is oxygen used?

A

terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

38
Q

Microaerophiles

A

grow best when there is less oxygen than normal

39
Q

Where are microaerophiles commonly found?

A

Water
High altitudes

40
Q

ROS are

A

superoxide radical
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical

41
Q

How are ROS “cleaned” up

A

Aerobes produce enzymes that protect against these toxic O2 products

42
Q

Examples of enzymes that protect against ROS

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase
peroxidase

43
Q

What are the products of superoxide dismultase and ROS?

A

O2 and H2O2

44
Q

What are the products of catalase and ROS?

A

2H2O and O2

45
Q

What are the products of Peroxidase and ROS?

A

2H2O and NAD+

46
Q

What do strict anaerobes lack?

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase

47
Q

Two methods to create anerobic work environment

A
  1. Work station with incubator
  2. Gaspak anaerobic system
48
Q

Anaerobic workstation

A
  • larger and more permanent
  • Has a vacuum lock and pumps in H,N, and CO2
  • contains a desiccant
  • contains palladium crystals as a neutralizing agent
49
Q

What does a desiccant do?

A

Reacts with hydrogen and oxygen to from water
Removes oxygen from the air

50
Q

Gaspak

A
  • Contains desiccant and palladium pelets
  • Gas generator envelope
  • Anaerobic indicator strip
51
Q

What does Gas generator envelope do?

A

water is added to chemicals to generate H2 and CO2

52
Q

What does Anaerobic indicator strip do?

A

methylene blue becomes colorless in the presence of O2

53
Q

Acidophiles

A

optimal growth in a pH below 5.5
(acidic)

54
Q

Neutrophiles

A

optimal growth in pH between 5.5 and 8.5

55
Q

Alkalophiles

A

optimal growth in pH above 8.5
(basic)

56
Q

Psychrophiles and where they’re found?

A

optimal growth between 0-20 C
artic

57
Q

Psychrotrophs and where they’re found

A

optimal growth between 0-35C
artic

58
Q

Mesophiles and where theyre found

A

optimal growth between 20-45 C
usually found in human body

59
Q

Thermophiles

A

optimal growth between 55-85 C

60
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

optimal growth between 85-113C

61
Q

Where are thermophiles and hyperthermophiles commonly found?

A

hot water lines
compost piles
thermal vents
volcanos

62
Q

What are adaptations to high solute concentrations?

A

Halophiles
Extreme Halophiles
Compatible solutes

63
Q

Halophiles

A

grow optimally in the presence of NaCl (or other salts) at concentrations above 0.2M
Can withstand and require living in hypertonic environment

64
Q

Extreme Halophiles

A

Require salt concentrations of 2-6.2M

65
Q

Compatible solutes

A

molecules that can be kept at high internal salt concentrations

66
Q

Adaptations to temperatures

A
  1. protein structure stabilized by a variety of means
  2. histone-like proteins stabilize DNA
  3. membrane stabilized by a variety of means
67
Q

How is protein structure stabilized?

A

Charged amino acids
high proline levels
more H bonding
Production of a chaperone

68
Q

What is a Chaperone

A

A molecule that binds to regular molecules and can hold structure at high temps

69
Q

T/F: bacteria produce histones

70
Q

How are membranes stabilized?

A

Ether linkages
Phospholipid tails

71
Q

Osmotic concentration

A

Concentration of water NOT solutes

72
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

higher osmotic concentration outside cell- high water and low solute
water enters cell
Cell swells and may burst

73
Q

mechanosensitive channels

A

closed most of the time
If they sense pressure from swelling- they will open and release

74
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

lower osmotic concentration outside- low water and high solute
water leaves cell
membrane shrinks from cell wall
plasmolysis may occur

MCB 2610 (19 decks)

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