Exam #2 Chapter 4

Question 1

The _____________ is the master gland of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Pituitary Gland

Question 2

The ___________ releases insulin and glucagon in response to blood

Answer 2

Pancreas

Question 3

T/F The nervous system is slower responding but longer lasting compared to the endocrine system

Answer 3

Nervous system - fast responding and short lasting/Endocrine
System - slow responding and long lasting

Question 4

The _______________ gland plays a role in immune function

Answer 4

Thyroid

Question 5

The __________ is responsible for physiological mechanisms to control internal temperature

Answer 5

Hypothalamus

Question 6

The ______________ secretes insulin in response to
blood glucose levels

Answer 6

Pancreas

Question 7

Explain hormone secretion in your own words

Answer 7

Hormone secretion is the release of hormones from glands and organs into the bloodstream where they can bind to receptors. This process is irregular and not steady. (Ex. hormones - epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3 and T4,cortisol, GH)

Question 8

Explain how hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback, using a home thermostat as your example

Answer 8

When you have a high temperature, this is going to cause the house to be cooled. This happens because you turn down the thermostat which is going to kick on the AC which is going to cool the house. Once it is cooled to the selected temperature then the heat will turn back on.

Question 9

Explain the downregulation of hormone actions in relation to individuals with insulin resistance (type II diabetes)

Answer 9

When looking at someone with type II diabetes, they have trouble making enough Insulin that the body needs. The pancreas makes less insulin than used and your body becomes resistant to insulin.

Question 10

Define glycolysis

Answer 10

breakdown of glycogen → glucose

Question 11

Define gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

formation of glucose from non-carb substances (ex’s AAs -> glucose, fatty acids -> glucose, lactate -> glucose)

Question 12

Define lipolysis

Answer 12

• Lipid breakdown into 3 FFAs + 1 glycerol (triglyceride
  composition)

Question 13

Thyroid hormones increase the number and size of mitochondria. What impact does this have on metabolism?

Answer 13

When the thyroid releases T3+T4 they build proteins and increase the size and number of mitochondria which allows metabolism to increase as the oxidative system becomes more effective.

Question 14

Explain the various impacts of catecholamine release on metabolism

Answer 14

When epinephrine is released, metabolism will increase and HR, BP, and Glycogenolysis (glucose -> glycogen) will also increase. Norepinephrine decreases metabolism and will decrease HR, BP, and blood glucose levels.

Question 15

Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis. How does this impact protein synthesis?

Answer 15

This is going to impact protein synthesis by decreasing it. Protein synthesis is the production of protein from new cells. If you are using the protein to turn into energy this is going to increase protein synthesis because you need to keep making more as you are burning the existing protein.

Question 16

Explain the roles of both insulin and glucagon, starting with the initial blood glucose levels

Answer 16

When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released from the pancreas to lower these levels. When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is released from the pancreas to raise these levels.

Question 17

T/F More liver glycogen is utilized as exercise duration increases

Answer 17

False, As muscle glucose uptake increases, there is an increase in liver glucose release

Question 18

T/F As glycogen stores decrease, glucagon levels decrease

Answer 18

True