Exam 2 (Chapter 3-4)

Question 1

A procedure in which the CS is presented shortly after the US on each trial.

Answer 1

Backward conditioning

Question 2

A test procedure that identifies a stimulus as a conditioned inhibitor if that stimulus reduces the responding elicited by a conditioned excitatory stimulus. Also called ____

Answer 2

Compound-stimulus test; summation test

Question 3

The response that comes to be made to the CS as a result of classical conditioning

Answer 3

Conditional or Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 4

A stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of becoming associated with an US.

Answer 4

Conditional or Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 5

Suppression of ongoing behavior (e.g., drinking or lever pressing for food) produced by the presentation of a CS that has been conditioned to elicit fear through association with an aversive US.

Answer 5

Conditioned suppression

Question 6

A training episode involving presentation of a CS with (or without) a US.

Answer 6

Conditioning trial

Question 7

Changing the hedonic value or liking of an initially neutral stimulus by having that stimulus associated with something that is already liked or disliked.

Answer 7

evaluative conditioning

Question 8

A procedure in which both CS and US are presented, but with sufficient time between them so that they do not become associated with each other.

Answer 8

explicitly unpaired control

Question 9

Conditioned behavior elicited by a CS that consists of approaching the location where the US is usually presented.

Answer 9

goal tracking

Question 10

A type of classical conditioning in which the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.

Answer 10

inhibitory conditioning

Question 11

The amount of time that elapses between the start of the CS and the start of the US during a classical conditioning trial. Also called the _____

Answer 11

interstimulus interval; CS-US interval

Question 12

The amount of time that elapses between two successive trials.

Answer 12

intertrial interval

Question 13

The time elapsed between a stimulus (or the start of a trial) and the response that is made to the stimulus.

Answer 13

Latency

Question 14

A procedure for testing fear conditioning in which presentation of a fear-conditioned CS slows down the rate of drinking.

Answer 14

lick-suppression procedure

Question 15

A conditioning procedure in which the US occurs more than several minutes after the start of the CS, as in taste-aversion learning.

Answer 15

long-delayed conditioning

Question 16

A measure of the size, vigor, or extent of a response.

Answer 16

Magnitude of a response

Question 17

Learning associations between different stimulus features of an object, such as what it looks like and how it tastes.

Answer 17

Object learning

Question 18

The likelihood of making the response, usually represented in terms of the percentage of trials on which the response occurs.

Answer 18

Probability of a response

Question 19

Increased responding that may occur to a stimulus whose presentations are intermixed with presentations of a US in the absence of the establishment of an association between the stimulus and the US.

Answer 19

Pseudo-conditioning

Question 20

A procedure in which the CS and US are presented at random times with respect to each other.

Answer 20

Random Control Procedure

Question 21

A test procedure that identifies a stimulus as a conditioned inhibitor if that stimulus is slower to acquire excitatory properties than a comparison stimulus.

Answer 21

Retardation of acquisition test

Question 22

A classical conditioning procedure in which the CS is initiated shortly before the US on each conditioning trial.

Answer 22

short-delayed conditioning

Question 23

Movement toward and possibly contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforcer, such as food. Also called ________

Answer 23

Sign tracking; autoshaping

Question 24

A classical conditioning procedure in which the CS and the US are presented at the same time on each conditioning trial.

Answer 24

Simultaneous conditioning

Question 25

The idea that Pavlovian conditioning procedures lead not only to learning that the US happens but exactly when it occurs in relation to the CS. The CS represents (or codes) the timing of the US.

Answer 25

Temporal coding hypothesis

Question 26

A trial in which the CS is presented without the US. This allows measurement of the CR in the absence of the UR.

Answer 26

test trial

Question 27

A classical conditioning procedure in which the US is presented after the CS has been terminated for a short period.

Answer 27

Trace conditioning

Question 28

The interval between the end of the CS and the start of the US in trace-conditioning trials.

Answer 28

trace interval

Question 29

A response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior training.

Answer 29

unconditional or unconditioned response (UR)

Question 30

A stimulus that elicits a particular response without the necessity of prior training.

Answer 30

unconditional or unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 31

Interference with the conditioning of a novel stimulus because of the presence of a previously conditioned stimulus.

Answer 31

Blocking effect

Question 32

The idea that conditioned responding depends on a comparison between the associative strength of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the associative strength of other cues present during training of the target CS.

Answer 32

Comparator Hypothesis

Question 33

A conditioned response opposite in form to the reaction elicited by the US and that therefore compensates for this reaction.

Answer 33

Conditioned Compensatory-Response

Question 34

A reduction in the magnitude of the response to an unconditioned stimulus caused by presentation of a CS that had been conditioned with that US.

Answer 34

Conditioned diminution of the UR

Question 35

Interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the CS before the conditioning trials. Also called ______

Answer 35

CS-preexposure effect; Latent-inhibition effect

Question 36

Reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug.

Answer 36

Drug Tolerance

Question 37

A procedure in which a previously conditioned stimulus (CS 1 ) is used to condition a new stimulus (CS 2 ).

Answer 37

Higher-order conditioning

Question 38

The idea that conditioned responding depends on how long the organism has to wait for the US in the presence of the CS, as compared to how long the organism has to wait for the US in the experimental situation irrespective of the CS.

Answer 38

relative-waiting-time hypothesis

Question 39

The learning of an association between a stimulus and a response, with the result that the stimulus comes to elicit the response directly.

Answer 39

stimulus-response (S-R) learning

Question 40

The learning of an association between two stimuli, with the result that exposure to one of the stimuli comes to activate a representation, or“mental image,”of the other stimulus.

Answer 40

stimulus-stimulus (S-S) learning

Question 41

A procedure in which one biologically weak stimulus (CS 2 ) is repeatedly paired with another biologically weak stimulus (CS 1 ). Then, CSl is conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus. In a later test trial, CS 2 also will elicit the conditioned response, even though CS 2 was never directly paired with the US.

Answer 41

Sensory preconditioning

Question 42

The significance or noticeability of a stimulus. Generally, conditioning proceeds more rapidly with more salient conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Answer 42

stimulus salience

Question 43

The theoretical idea that as a result of classical conditioning participants come to respond to the CS in much the same way that they respond to the US.

Answer 43

stimulus substitution

Question 44

Interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioning trials.

Answer 44

US-preexposure effect

Question 45

Reduction in the attractiveness of an unconditioned stimulus, usually achieved by aversion conditioning or satiation.

Answer 45

US-devaluation