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Psychology of Learning > Exam 1 (Ch 1-3) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch 1-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

A connection between the representations of two events (two stimuli or a stimulus and a response) such that the occurrence of one of the events activates the representation of the other.

A

Association

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2
Q

The view of behavior according to which actions can be separated into two categories: voluntary behavior controlled by the mind and involuntary behavior controlled by reflex mechanisms.

A

Dualism

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3
Q

A philosophy according to which all ideas in the mind arise from experience.

A

Empiricism

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4
Q

A temporary decrease in behavior caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behavior.

A

Fatigue

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5
Q

The philosophy proposed by Hobbes according to which the actions of organisms are determined by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

A

Hedonism

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6
Q

An enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses.

A

Learning

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7
Q

A change in behavior caused by physical or physiological development of the organism in the absence of experience with particular environmental events.

A

Maturation

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8
Q

A philosophy according to which human beings are born with innate ideas.

A

Nativism

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9
Q

The philosophical position adopted by Pavlov that all behavioral and physiological processes are regulated by the nervous system.

A

Nervism

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10
Q

A three-letter combination (two consonants separated by a vowel) that has no meaning.

A

Nonsense syllable

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11
Q

A mechanism that enables a specific environmental event to elicit a specific response.

A

Reflex

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12
Q

Same as primary process in the opponent process theory of motivation.

A

a process

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13
Q

A neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the central nervous system. Also called sensory neuron.

A

Afferent neuron

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14
Q

Behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a releasing stimulus. (See also general search mode and focal search mode.)

A

Appetitive behavior

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15
Q

Same as opponent process in the opponent process theory of motivation.

A

b process

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16
Q

Behavior that serves to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion. Consummatory responses are usually species-typical modal action patterns. (See also food handling mode.)

A

consummatory behavior

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17
Q

Reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug.

A

drug tolerance

18
Q

A neuron that transmits impulses to muscles. Also called a motor neuron.

A

Efferent neuron

19
Q

The second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is indicative of the presence of food. It is a form of appetitive behavior that is more closely related to food than general search.

A

Focal search mode

20
Q

The last component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food. This is similar to what ethologists referred to as consummatory behavior.

A

Food handling and ingestion mode

21
Q

The earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism engages in nondirected locomotor behavior. It is a form of appetitive behavior.

A

General search mode

22
Q

A progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

A

Habituation effect

23
Q

A neural mechanism activated by repetitions of a stimulus that reduces the magnitude of responses elicited by that stimulus.

A

Habituation process

24
Q

A neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent (or sensory) to efferent (or motor) neurons.

A

interneuron

25
Q

A response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way. They are used as basic units of behavior in ethological investigations of behavior.

A

modal action pattern (MAP)

26
Q

Same as efferent neuron

A

Motor Neuron

27
Q

A compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. This process causes physiological and behavioral changes that are the opposite of those caused by the primary process. Also called the b process.

A

Opponent process

28
Q

The first process in the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus. Also called the a process.

A

primary process

29
Q

A close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that is mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces the reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise.

A

Reflex

30
Q

Same as sign stimulus

A

releasing stimulus

31
Q

An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus.

A

Sensitization effect

32
Q

A neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus.

A

Sensitization process

33
Q

A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation.

A

Sensory adaptation

34
Q

Same as afferent neuron

A

sensory neuron

35
Q

A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern. Also called releasing stimulus.

A

sign stimulus

36
Q

Return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization.

A

spontaneous recovery

37
Q

The shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response.

A

S-R system

38
Q

Neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness, or arousal of the organism.

A

state system

39
Q

A sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large modal action pattern.

A

supernormal stimulus

40
Q

a study concerned with the mechanisms of reflexive behavior.

A

reflexology

41
Q

a study concerned with the contents and workings of the mind.

A

mentalism

Psychology of Learning (4 decks)

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