Exam 1 (Ch 1-3)

Question 1

A connection between the representations of two events (two stimuli or a stimulus and a response) such that the occurrence of one of the events activates the representation of the other.

Answer 1

Association

Question 2

The view of behavior according to which actions can be separated into two categories: voluntary behavior controlled by the mind and involuntary behavior controlled by reflex mechanisms.

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

A philosophy according to which all ideas in the mind arise from experience.

Answer 3

Empiricism

Question 4

A temporary decrease in behavior caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behavior.

Answer 4

Fatigue

Question 5

The philosophy proposed by Hobbes according to which the actions of organisms are determined by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

Answer 5

Hedonism

Question 6

An enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses.

Answer 6

Learning

Question 7

A change in behavior caused by physical or physiological development of the organism in the absence of experience with particular environmental events.

Answer 7

Maturation

Question 8

A philosophy according to which human beings are born with innate ideas.

Answer 8

Nativism

Question 9

The philosophical position adopted by Pavlov that all behavioral and physiological processes are regulated by the nervous system.

Answer 9

Nervism

Question 10

A three-letter combination (two consonants separated by a vowel) that has no meaning.

Answer 10

Nonsense syllable

Question 11

A mechanism that enables a specific environmental event to elicit a specific response.

Answer 11

Reflex

Question 12

Same as primary process in the opponent process theory of motivation.

Answer 12

a process

Question 13

A neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the central nervous system. Also called sensory neuron.

Answer 13

Afferent neuron

Question 14

Behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a releasing stimulus. (See also general search mode and focal search mode.)

Answer 14

Appetitive behavior

Question 15

Same as opponent process in the opponent process theory of motivation.

Answer 15

b process

Question 16

Behavior that serves to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion. Consummatory responses are usually species-typical modal action patterns. (See also food handling mode.)

Answer 16

consummatory behavior

Question 17

Reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug.

Answer 17

drug tolerance

Question 18

A neuron that transmits impulses to muscles. Also called a motor neuron.

Answer 18

Efferent neuron

Question 19

The second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is indicative of the presence of food. It is a form of appetitive behavior that is more closely related to food than general search.

Answer 19

Focal search mode

Question 20

The last component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food. This is similar to what ethologists referred to as consummatory behavior.

Answer 20

Food handling and ingestion mode

Question 21

The earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism engages in nondirected locomotor behavior. It is a form of appetitive behavior.

Answer 21

General search mode

Question 22

A progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

Answer 22

Habituation effect

Question 23

A neural mechanism activated by repetitions of a stimulus that reduces the magnitude of responses elicited by that stimulus.

Answer 23

Habituation process

Question 24

A neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent (or sensory) to efferent (or motor) neurons.

Answer 24

interneuron

Question 25

A response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way. They are used as basic units of behavior in ethological investigations of behavior.

Answer 25

modal action pattern (MAP)

Question 26

Same as efferent neuron

Answer 26

Motor Neuron

Question 27

A compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. This process causes physiological and behavioral changes that are the opposite of those caused by the primary process. Also called the b process.

Answer 27

Opponent process

Question 28

The first process in the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus. Also called the a process.

Answer 28

primary process

Question 29

A close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that is mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces the reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise.

Answer 29

Reflex

Question 30

Same as sign stimulus

Answer 30

releasing stimulus

Question 31

An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus.

Answer 31

Sensitization effect

Question 32

A neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus.

Answer 32

Sensitization process

Question 33

A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation.

Answer 33

Sensory adaptation

Question 34

Same as afferent neuron

Answer 34

sensory neuron

Question 35

A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern. Also called releasing stimulus.

Answer 35

sign stimulus

Question 36

Return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization.

Answer 36

spontaneous recovery

Question 37

The shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response.

Answer 37

S-R system

Question 38

Neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness, or arousal of the organism.

Answer 38

state system

Question 39

A sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large modal action pattern.

Answer 39

supernormal stimulus

Question 40

a study concerned with the mechanisms of reflexive behavior.

Answer 40

reflexology

Question 41

a study concerned with the contents and workings of the mind.

Answer 41

mentalism