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microbiology > Exam 2 (ch 6,10,11,13-16,19) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (ch 6,10,11,13-16,19) Flashcards

6, 10, 11, 13-16, 19

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the differences among the various levels of control of gene expression in bacteria, and why would bacteria favor one or another type of gene expression control under specific conditions?

A

alternation of DNA sepuence, controle of transcription, control of mRNA stability, translation control, and postraslation control. the dna level of control is the most drastic but the protein level is more rapid and reversable. the organism may not express a gene simply because it does not need to.

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2
Q

What alternative electron acceptors do some prokaryotes use, and why would these be sometimes necessary?

A

some prokaryotes can use inorganic mater as an energy source and they are called lithotrophs. nitrogen and sulfur are other materials that can be metabolized by prokaryotes

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3
Q

How does regulation of amino acid biosynthesis via attenuation function (and what are the specific roles of mRNA complementary regions, a limiting amino acid, the ribosome, and RNA polymerase)?

A

RNA controle the synthesis of proteins such a carrying instructions from dna, transcibing and thranslating those insctructions to make proteins

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4
Q

How do two-component signal transduction systems work, why do they occur, and what are the key components of their function?

A

this system reacts to enviromental stress and will turn genes on or off as a responce to the stress

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5
Q

What is one of the most central phenomena to metabolism involving coupling of reactions and Gibbs free energy change and how would you interpret an image showing this?

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6
Q

Given the sign (+ or -) for Gibbs free energy change, or the formula for concentrations of reactants and products, predict which way a reaction will go.

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7
Q

What are the most widespread energy carrier molecules in cells and how do they differ from one another in role, structure, and energy transfer potential?

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8
Q

What happens when there is a mutation in the lac operator?

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9
Q

What interacts with RNA polymerase to enhance lac operon transcription initiation and how is this important to the cell?

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10
Q

How does inducer exclusion work in the lac operon system and why is this important?

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11
Q

How do riboswitches function (based on an image) and why are they an efficient form of control?

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12
Q

What are the main types of regulatory RNAs and what are their features and modes of action?

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13
Q

What are the benefits of sRNA control and how might this be relevant to developing novel antimicrobial and antiviral therapies?

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14
Q

How do methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins contribute to “memory” in chemotaxis?

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15
Q

What is the chemical structure of pyruvate and what processes generate it and use it?

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16
Q

In simple terms, what are the major types of substrates and products from the major categories of catabolism?

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17
Q

What are the differences between chemotrophy and phototrophy in terms of how energy is transferred and gained?

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18
Q

What are the 3 main pathways bacteria and archaea catabolize glucose (based on images), what are their inputs and outputs, and what are the different conditions in which these pathways are favored or used by cells?

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19
Q

Considering the major deviations of fermentation pathways (based on an image), identify the 2 central intermediates based on chemical structures.

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20
Q

What are the net results of the TCA cycle in terms of released carbons from glucose, and what is the process required to transfer remaining electrons to generate a large amount of energy?

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21
Q

Why is nitrogen fixation rare on earth, and under what conditions will it be favored or disfavored?

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22
Q

What modified process can catabolize acetate or fatty acids if needed, when glucose is absent?

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23
Q

What are the moving and non-moving parts of ATP synthase and how does this protein complex function to generate ATP?

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24
Q

How does energy generation occur via the ETS?

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25
Q

Which metals are reduced in dissimilatory metal reduction such as at the bottom of lakes?

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26
Q

What are the components of the more ancient forms of phototrophy and how do they work?

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27
Q

Recognize (based on an image) processes generating methane and identify key inputs and outputs.

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28
Q

What are the net input/output differences between PSI, PSII, and the Z pathway (based on an image)?

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29
Q

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle and what are the important inputs/outputs/transfers?

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30
Q

What features are shared between fatty acid synthesis and polyketide synthesis and why?

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31
Q

Consider potential fitness advantages or disadvantages of intracellular microbes (pathogens or beneficials) acquiring mutations in different amino acid biosynthesis pathways.

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32
Q

How do various microbes contribute to chocolate fermentation (based on an image)?

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33
Q

What kinds of viruses evolve via reassortment of genes and which specific reassorting genes are a focus of changing annual vaccine cocktails?

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34
Q

What are the features of herpes simplex viruses and their genomes?

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35
Q

Distinguish the types of life cycles of phages (based on an image).

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36
Q

What are the components, including enzymes, that are packed into an HIV virion and why are they there?

A
37
Q

What are the differences between influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in terms of host cell receptors and site of replication in the cell?

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38
Q

What major archaean group, and highly abundant genus in this group, plays an enormously important role in the nitrogen cycle (feeding into the carbon cycle) and what type of oxidation does this group use?

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39
Q

Which archaea are methanogens and what are the various substrates and conditions required for their methanogenesis?

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40
Q

Why is gene expression regulated?

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41
Q

What are the levels of gene expression control?

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42
Q

How is flagellar phase variation achieved?

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43
Q

How/where does two-component signal transduction work?

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44
Q

How does catabolite repression work in the lac system?

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45
Q

What is attenuation (in the case of trp)?

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46
Q

What is the stringent response and what is the signal molecule?

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47
Q

Why are sigma factors necessary?

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48
Q

Compare two exemplary sigma factors.

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49
Q

What are the types of sRNA?

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50
Q

What are MCPs?

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51
Q

What second messenger molecule promotes biofilms?

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52
Q

What is an autoinducer?

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53
Q

How do we measure proteomes?

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54
Q

What is energy and how are catabolism/anabolism related?

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55
Q

What types of “-trophy” have we studied?

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56
Q

How does free energy change affect reaction progress?

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57
Q

Why is additivity important?

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58
Q

How do product/reactant ratios relate to reactions?

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59
Q

What are the common cellular energy carriers?

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60
Q

What sites do catalytic enzymes have?

A
61
Q

List the common catabolic substrates.

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62
Q

Describe types of fermentation.

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63
Q

How are beta-linked polymers broken?

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64
Q

Detail glucose catabolism by EMP, ED, PPP and TCA (inputs, outputs, key steps).

A
65
Q

Where does the ETS occur and how does it generate energy?

A
66
Q

How does ATP synthetase work?

A
67
Q

When and how does anaerobic respiration operate?

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68
Q

What are the key steps of methanogenesis?

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69
Q

What types of phototrophy and photosystem occur and how do they differ?

A
70
Q

Why and how is biosynthesis regulated?

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71
Q

What are the common metabolites, like pyruvate?

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72
Q

What are the types of carbon and nitrogen fixation in cells?

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73
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

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74
Q

How are fatty acids synthesized?

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75
Q

How are amino acids and nucleotides synthesized?

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76
Q

Which organisms perform ethanolic fermentation, and what is the equation for this?

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77
Q

What are viruses and how are they classified?

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78
Q

How many genes do viruses have, and what kinds of genomes do they have?

A
79
Q

How do the main examples of these viruses replicate?

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80
Q

What are the key features of phage lambda, flu, HIV, ERVs, and HSV?

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81
Q

What are archaea, and how are they similar or different from eukaryotes and bacteria?

A
82
Q

What are the characteristics of the major groups of Archaea?

A

they are facultative anaerobes and thrive without oxygen,

microbiology (4 decks)

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