Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Exam 2: Ch 19 Endocardial & Valve Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 2: Ch 19 Endocardial & Valve Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

infective endocarditis

A

infection of endocardium including valves

vegetative growth on valve leaflets –> regurgitation

septic emboli break free from growths

requires both heart damage and introduction of the organism – dental work in person w/ valve disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

infective endocarditis is most commonly seen in people with…

A

preexisting heart defects

IV drug use: staph. A

heart surgery: staph. epidermis from prosthetic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

symptoms of infective endocarditis

A

systemic infection

petechial (pinpoint) hemorrhages from emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis

A

Dx: blood cultures and echo for regurgitation

Rx: antibiotics, treat cardiac symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

immune response to beta-hemolytic strep infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

symptoms of rheumatic heart disease

A

sore throat and swollen glands

carditis –> heart murmur and friction rub

polyarthritis of large joints

skin lesions

CNS involvement –> choreiform movements (jerking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

diagnosis/treatment of rheumatic heart disease

A

Dx: clinical picture, echo, presence of anti-strep Ab

Rx: prevent by treating strep throat

antibiotics to control infection

anti-inflammatories to limit valve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 types of valvular heart disease

A

stenotic: produce resistance to forward blood flow

incompetent (regurgitate) valves: close incompletely, producing backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mitral stenosis

A

mitral valve doesn’t open all the way, often from fused leaflets from RHD

LV fills poorly (low SV and CO)

LA pressure is increased (pulmonary congestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

symptoms of mitral stenosis

A

less CO: chest pain, weakness, fatigue

pulmonary congestion: SOB, AF, thrombi, Rt side HF

diastolic murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mitral regurgitation

A

mitral valve fails to close fully

retrograde flow into LA during systole –> systolic murmur

high LAP leads to high SV, but low forward SV

enlarged LV b/c volume work increased

eventually LV function is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of mitral regurgitation

A

RHD

mitral valve prolapse

chordea tenineae/papillary muscle rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

caused by Marfan’s syn, other conn. tissue disorders

beta blockers relieve symptoms

antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent complications

can cause mitral regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowed aortic valve increases resistance to LV ejection

pressure work of LV increased, SV decreased

systolic BP lowered, but LVP increased

systolic murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

causes and symptoms of aortic stenosis

A

causes: congenital defect, acquired calcification
symptoms: angina, syncope (fainting), HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

aortic regurgitation

A

backflow from aorta to the LV during diastole

high SV, but CO to tissues decreased

low DBP, low CA perfusion

Diastolic murmur

LV failure if acute

LV dilation and hypertrophy if chronic

17
Q

symptoms of aortic regurgitation

A

LV failure symptoms (dyspnea)

angina if DBP too low

18
Q

pericardium

A

double-layered serous membrane … visceral and parietal

visceral: adheres to epicardium
parietal: fibrous and still

pericardium fluid in pericardial space

19
Q

pericardial disease 3 types

A

acute pericarditis

pericardial effusion

cardiac tamponade

20
Q

acute pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium from viral infection or systemic disease

exudate common –> scar formation

scar tissue on pericardium contracts = constrictive pericarditis

21
Q

symptoms of acute pericarditis

A

chest pain

pericardial friction rub

ECG changes (high ST segments, low PR interval)

22
Q

diagnosis and treatment of acute pericarditis

A

Dx: low VR –> ascites and distended jugular veins

Rx: antibiotics, NSAIDS

surgical resection

23
Q

pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of serous fluid or blood in pericardial space

develops from trauma, inflammation, abnormal starlings forces

Rx: NSAIDS, pericardiocentesis (depends on size)

24
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

life threatening complication of pericardial effusion

sudden increase in pericardial fluid & pericardial pressure

low venous return

patient in shock: high HR, low BP/CO, jugulars distended

25
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

part of cardiac tamponade

LV compressed from effusion

inspiration leads to high VR, reptum bulges to left

low SV and BP

26
Q

causes of cardiac tamponade

A

surgery

trauma

cardiac rupture from MI

27
Q

diagnosis/treatment of cardiac tamponade

A

Dx: ECG

Rx: percutaneous pericardiocentesis

surgical repair of trauma or cardiac rupture

28
Q

3 types of primary cardiomyopathy

A

genetic

mixed

acquired

29
Q

genetic: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

excessive hypertrophy in septum

causes outflow obstruction -> symptoms like aortic stenosis

can cause sudden cardiac death

30
Q

cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

autosomal dominant disorder: mutations of cardiac muscle genes

seen in children/young adults

31
Q

symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

dyspnes

chest pain

fatigue

syncope with outflow obstruction

32
Q

diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Dx: echo

Rx: beta blockers to lower HR and increase LV filling

surgical excision of septum

33
Q

mixed genetic: dilated cardiomyopathy

A

ventricles dilated w/ thin walls –> pump poorly

from infection, toxins (EtOH), autoimmune, genetics

34
Q

symptoms and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

HF (low EF, PVCs), dyspnea, weakness

Rx: relieve HF symptoms with Digoxin, diuretics, vasodilators

35
Q

2 types of acquired cardiomyopathy

A

myocarditis

peripartum cardiomyopathy

36
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle leads to necrosis

usually viral: coxsackievirus or HIV

37
Q

mechanism of necrosis in myocarditis

A

direct cell destruction from infection

toxins released by infectious agent

autoimmune – molecular mimicry

38
Q

symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of myocarditis

A

symptoms: none to HF, death, URI, flu-like symptoms

Dx: ECG, echo, CXR, biopsy

Rx: bed rest, O2, steroids, immune suppressants, antivirals, hemodynamic support

39
Q

peripartum cardiomyopathy

A

develops late in pregnancy or in months after delivery

systolic HF

causes: infection, immune response, genetics???

may resolve spontaneously, but maybe not

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions