Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Exam 1: Ch 7 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2nd leading cause of death in US

A

all cancers lumped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

leading cause of death for children 3-15 YOA

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the 5-year survival rate of cancer

A

64%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prevalence vs incidence

A

prevalence: how many have the disease
incidence: how many new cases (stable overall now)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is cancer a single disease?

A

no

some organs are much more likely to produce cancer

some cancers are much more deadly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cancers that are readily cured

A

Hodgkin’s disease
`
testicular

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cancers with low 5-year survival rates

A

small cell lung cancer

pancreatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

high incidence, low death rates

A

prostate, breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lower incidence, high death rates

A

lung and bronchus

pancreatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth, synonymous with tumor

benign or malignant

benign have well differentiated cells, malignant less so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tumor name identifies….

A

tissue of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

benign tumor add ___ to the end

A

oma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fibroma, adenoma, hemagioma, papilloma

A

fibroma: benign fibrous tumor
adenoma: benign glandular
hemagioma: benign blood vessel tumor
papilloma: benign projections from any surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma,

A

carcinoma: malignant epithelial tumor
sarcoma: malignant mesenchymal
adenocarcinoma: malignant glandular
hemangiosarcoma: malignant blood vessel tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

polyp

A

growth projecting from mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cancer in situ

A

localized malignant tumor that hasn’t broken through the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

benign tumor characteristics

A

well differentiated cells

slow growth, no mets

well defined edges

unlikely to be lethal

may compress vital structures –brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

malignant tumor characteristsics

A

grow fast

anaplasia – undifferentiated

attract blood vessels

spread widely

lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 major types of malignant tumor

A

solid: start in 1 organ, spread through blood/lymph
hematological: cancers of blood-forming cells, begin disseminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lack of differentiation makes cancer cells look _____

A

abnormal

cells and nuclei of various shape

nuclei contain extra DNA and stain very dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cancer cells are graded on the basis of…

A

degree of anaplasia

the more abnormal, the more dangerous

grade 1: fairly well differentiated

grade 4: high degree of anaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic instability

A

large scale chromosome abnormalities

important to know genetic makeup of individual and the cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cancer cells divide ____, live ____, and ____ together

A

rapidly, long, crowd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how to cancer cells escape apoptosis

A

they have their own telomerase so they’re immortal

proliferate without proper signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 things cancer cells have a loss of

A

density inhibition: cells can pile up

cohesion: cells no longer stick together

anchorage dependence: can live detached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tumor specific antigens (TSAs)

A

cancer cells express abnormal surface antigens

can target mets to particular tissues

may be useful as markers in treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

some cancers express…

A

hormones and clotting factors

paraneoplastic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

determinants of tissue growth rate

A

of cells going through cell cycle

duration of cell cycle

of cells dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why do cancer cells grow fast

A

avoid apoptosis

almost all tumor cells are cycling (no G0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

malignant tumors have a high.. and a short…

A

high growth fraction (fraction of total cells in cell cycle)

short doubling time (time for a tumor to double in size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

if a tumor has no blood supply..

A

they don’t get very big

epithelial tissue is avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

invasion of nearby tissue

A

bordering tissues or seeding of a body cavity

requires secretion of proteases to break through basement membrane

seeding can occur during surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

metastasis

A

development of secondary tumors at distant sites

through lymph or blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lymphatic metastasis

A

sentinel node mapping checks nodes that drain area of the tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

mets through blood

A

metalloprotease enzymes break down collagen

brain receives high blood flow and lots of mets

lungs receive entire CO, common site of mets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tumors from the abd cavity spread to ___ via blood

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

some tumors bind to sites in specific ___

A

tissues

prostate cancer –> bone

38
Q

how do cancer cells evade the immune system

A

stop secreting TSAs

aggregate as emboli

kill immune cells

39
Q

angiogenesis

A

tumor cells attract blood vessels

allows tumors to grow

40
Q

proto oncogene

A

normal

stimulate cell division normally

turn into oncogene (cause cancer)

41
Q

examples of tumor suppressor gene inactivation

A

RB – retinoblastoma

BRCA 1

p53

42
Q

examples of oncogenes

A

RAS

RAF

HER-2 (breast)

43
Q

oncogene formation

A

point mutations, insertions, deletions

translocations can create fusion proteins that are always active

amplification can lead to over expression of genes

44
Q

loss of tumor suppressor activity

A

requires either an inherited mutation plus 1 hit OR

2 hits

45
Q

p53 gene product

A

monitors cells for genetic mutations

arrests cell cycle with mutation present so repair or apoptosis can occur

abnormal in 50% of all cancers

46
Q

epigenetic mechanisms

A

methylation of promotor region can silence tumor suppressor genes

47
Q

3 steps of tumor cell transformation

A

initiation: cell exposed to carcinogen –> irreversible changes (multiple small doses cause damage)
promotion: growth becomes unregulated
progression: tumor cells become fully malignant

48
Q

cancer cells can be familial

A

BRCA 1 & 2 are TS genes… mutation increases breast cancer risk

40% of retinoblastoma is autosomal dom. Rb gene mutation

familial adenomatous polyposis autosomal dom

49
Q

hormones may drive cancers of the …

A

breast, ovary, endometrium, and prostate

50
Q

obesity contribution to cancer

A

adipose produces androgens and estrogens, which increases breast cancer risk

higher insulin and IGF1 stimulates cell division

51
Q

NK cell

A

general cancer killer

52
Q

macrophages

A

take up TSA’s and activate T helper cells, which activate B cells to release antibodies that attack cancer cells

53
Q

cytotoxic t cells

A

kill cancer cells directly

54
Q

immune system kills most ___ cells

A

cancer

failure results in cancer to succeed

immune suppression leads to cancer, aids and Kaposi’s sarcoma

55
Q

chemical carcinogens may cause up to ___% of cancers

A

30

many associated w/ lifestyle choices

56
Q

direct vs indirect chemical carcinogen

A

direct: cause cancer without chemical change in the body
indirect: require chemical alteration in the body

57
Q

polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

produced with tobacco burns and meat is charbroiled

58
Q

EtOH causes what kinds of cancer

A

oral and esophageal

59
Q

radiation causing cancer

A

impact depends on dose, age, sex

long latency period for leukemia, thyroid and skin cancer

intense sun exposure in childhood most dangerous

therapeutic radiation also a risk

60
Q

oncogene viruses

A

HPV permanently changes genes of cervix

Epstein-Barr virus –> lymphomas and nasopharyn cancer

Hep B –> liver cancer

61
Q

cancer disrupts tissues

A

local/regional or direct effects (extreme pain)

erodes or compresses blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels

destroys bone and marrow

obstructs lumens

causes effusions

62
Q

cancer cachexia and anorexia

A

many cancers cause anorexia (loss of appetite) and cachexia (wasting away)

weight loss could be an early symptom

makes prognoses more negative by increasing toxicity and side effects of chemo

63
Q

cytokines may play a role in

A

TNF, IL-1 & 6

impact satiety center to decrease appetite

cause fever to increase calorie use

64
Q

anemia

A

result from treatment as well as disease

poor quality of life and poor outcome

from blood loss, hemolysis, or impaired hematogenesis

decreases tolerance of treatment

65
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome

A

cancer cells can produce hormones

ADH (hyponatremia)

ACTH (Cushing’s syndrome)

PTH (hypercalcemia)

GH (acromegaly)

66
Q

coagulation factors

A

cancer cells can produce

67
Q

cancer cells can produce ___ that trigger an _____ response

A

antigens, autoimmune

causes muscle weakness

68
Q

eaton-lambert syndrome

A

small cell lung cancer

autoimmune production of antibodies to motor end plate structures

type of paraneoplastic syndrome

69
Q

cancer screening

A

observation

palpation (breast, thyroid, prostate, lymph nodes)

xrays: mammography

70
Q

observation of epithelial cells

A

pap smear: examination of epithelial cells of cervix on a microscope slide

71
Q

tumor markers

A

antigens may be produced/overproduced by tumors, but not in early stages

PSA: prostate cancer

CA125: ovarian cancer

alpha-fetal protein (AFP): liver cancer

carinoembryonic antigen (CEA): colorectal/GI cancer

72
Q

biopsy and types

A

tissue removal for testing

needle: palpable tumors and those IDed by xray
endoscopy: lumen
excisional: remove entire tumor

73
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

antibodies used to find cancer cells

74
Q

microarray technologies

A

screen genome for cancer risk alleles

allows for tumor testing

75
Q

gleason score

A

level of anaplasia in prostate biopsy

76
Q

staging

A

assess spread of tumor

TNM system

77
Q

TNM system

A

T: elements of stage & grade

N: are lymph nodes positive?

M: presence of metastasis

78
Q

radiation therapy

A

primary treatment for some cancers

palliative, decreases size of cancers

pre or post op

some cancers more sensitive to radiation than others

79
Q

radiation mechanism and modes of delivery

A

DNA damage causes apoptosis

external beam: linear accelerator

brachytherapy: inserted sealed source
injected: I-131 for thyroid cancer

80
Q

adverse effects of radiation therapy

A

injures or kills normal cells

GI effects: diarrhea N/V

bone marrow suppression

skin burns and hair loss

81
Q

chemotherapy

A

can potentially reach all tumors and mets

cancer cells killed exponentially (fixed fraction die with each dose)

more effective against high growth factor tumors

can be a primary form of treatment

82
Q

chemo drugs can be classified by ____

A

stage

S-phase specific: methotrexate blocks DNA synthesis

83
Q

phase non-specific chemo

A

alkylating agents damage resting DNA

84
Q

adverse rxns to chemo

A

bone marrow suppression

vomiting and diarrhea

fatigue and hair loss

drugs themselves are carcinogenic and teratogenic

85
Q

nadir

A

time point of max toxicity

86
Q

hormonal therapy

A

useful when tumors express hormone receptors

removal of gonads in sex hormone responsive cancers

aromatase inhibitors block androgen (estrogen in peripheral tissue – breast cancer)

hormone receptor blocker tamoxifin

87
Q

immune therapy

A

active: give antigen
passive: give monoclonal antibody or other immune activators
adoptive: give activated immune cells

88
Q

targeted therapy

A

monoclonal antibodies against cancer antigens

angiogenesis inhibitors

specific drugs to block action of chimeric cancer proteins (Gleevec for CML)

89
Q

Downs may inc risk for which cancer

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

90
Q

childhood cancers

A

many have good prognosis

survivors may have chronic health problems from radiation/chemo

increased risk for 2nd malignancy

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions