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FOR 435 > Exam 2 - biogeography patterns > Flashcards

Exam 2 - biogeography patterns Flashcards

1
Q

BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS AND MEASUREMENTS

A

section

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2
Q

Definition of biodiversity

A
  • the sum of all living things

- richness and variation of the living world

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3
Q

spatial scale decreasing in complexity

A

landscape > community/ecosystem > population/species > genetics

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4
Q

KY has 1 biome and 3 ecoregions. What are they?

A

biome: temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
ecoregions: - Appalachian Mixed Mesophytic Forests, Central US Hardwood Forests, and Mississippi Lowland Forests

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5
Q

Species can be divided into four categories…

A
  1. morphological species - groups distinctive based on morphological characteristics
  2. biological species - groups with interbreeding individuals but are reproductively isolated
  3. genetic species
  4. cladistic species - cladograms
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6
Q

The two most commonly used species categories are ______ and ______ because __________________.

A

morphological species and biological species… because they are testable and operational and they are compatible with legal concepts

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7
Q

Biodiversity can be characterized in 3 major ways…

A
  1. compositional (sum of all living parts)
  2. structural (how the parts are arranged/”biodiversity house”)
  3. functional (what work do the parts perform?)
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8
Q

High rates of speciation is favored by (4 things):

A
  • mass extinctions
  • minor and major land or water separations
  • adaptive radiation (evolution of new life forms)
  • competition
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9
Q

A good rule of thumb to have is that biodiversity begets ______ ____________.

A

“biodiversity begets more biodiversity”

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10
Q

Extinction terminology:

A

extant - species still exists

extinct - species no longer exists

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11
Q

“Extinct” can be broken into 4 different categories:

A
  1. global extinction
  2. extinct in the wild
  3. regional/local extinction
  4. ecological extinction (extant species with such low numbers it is functionally extinct)
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12
Q

Geologically speaking, biological diversity has a _______ trend over time.

A

positive

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13
Q

The current extinction rate indicates we are headed, or already in, a ___________ period known as the ___________.

A

sixth extinction, anthropocene

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14
Q

Speciation types (2)

A

Allopatric speciation - geographic barriers physically separate populations and lead to unique selection pressure for each.
Sympatric speciation - unique local or genetic selection pressures within a population that lead to genetic polymorphisms.

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15
Q

Continental Drift

A

emergence, loss, movements and changes in land masses and water bodies over time due to movement of tectonic plates

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16
Q

Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI)

A

the exchange of continental species that occurred when N and S America were connected through Panama

17
Q

Glacial-Interglacial cycles and examples

A

Led to variations in ocean levels as water is frozen or melted.
Bergingia, Sundaland, and Gaarlandia

18
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Evolutionary process where organisms rapidly give rise to new forms

19
Q

Coevolution

A

two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time

20
Q

______ of species is often more important than _______.

A

quality, quantity

21
Q

Biodiversity patterns are/are not uniformly distributed (choose one)

A

patterns are NOT uniformly distributed and so we need to know where to preserve and manage it.

22
Q

What system do we use to study biodiversity and inform its conservation?

A

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

23
Q

Hotspots are defined as…

A

places with large species richness

24
Q

Define endemism

A

Native species found only in a user-defined area

25
Q

Why are tropical ecosystems so biodiverse (3 main reasons)?

A
  1. high solar energy and rain = high primary productivity
  2. relatively long-term stable environment vs temperate (seasonal) ones
  3. warm temps and high humidity support more available niches and speciation
26
Q

Species richness INCREASES as you move to the poles or the equator?

A

increases as you move to the EQUATOR

27
Q

Referring to the disturbance gradient: will low, intermediate, or high disturbance yield more biodiversity in a temperate forest system?

A

In a temperate forest system, there will be the MOST biodiversity with INTERMEDIATE disturbance. Low disturbance results in dominant species running out of other species and high disturbance no time for species to recuperate.

Opposition to the Intermediate disturbance hypothesis is the Old Growth Forest Models suggesting the biodiversity reaches its maximum at the end of the life expectancy of old-growth forests.

28
Q

Area/Size relationships

A

extinction and colonization are opposite forces acting on habitat patches.

two properties dictating these forces are size of the island and the distance from the mainland/nearest habitat patch

29
Q

Island Types (3) and examples

A
  1. Land-bridge island - arboretum or other parks within the city
  2. Managed island - national parks and other protected areas
  3. Oceanic island - Florida mangrove islands, Hawaii
30
Q

Define the redundant hypothesis

A

If you lose one species, another will take its place taking over some or most of the ecological function (redundancy in the system)

31
Q

Define the rivet hypothesis

A

Every species is important with about the same value to the ecosystem

32
Q

Which species (and how are they distinguished) have a STRONG ecosystem influence?

A

Keystone species - impact is disproportionate to biomass (high impact, low biomass)

Dominant species - impact is proportionate to biomass (high impact, high biomass)

33
Q

Which species (and how are they distinguished) have a WEAK ecosystem influence?

A

Rare species - low impact, low biomass

Common species - low impact, high biomass

34
Q

Define ecological release

A

When prey species become released from predation. This can lead to a hyper abundance of the prey species.

35
Q

Why is having guilds with a large number of species so important?

A

They create redundancy and ecological resilience when species are lost from systems.

36
Q

How is biodiversity measured (3)?

A
  1. Alpha Diversity - species richness. The number of species gives the measure of relative abundance.
  2. Beta Diversity - approximation of regional diversity. The rate of change in species across/among habitats.
    * Beta is high with distinct habitats with distinct species, low with the same population found throughout the region.
  3. Gamma Diversity - satellite perspective. The number of species across a larger landscape or larger geographic scales

FOR 435 (13 decks)

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