Exam #2 BIO 232 Flashcards
What did John F. Burke and Ioannis Yannas contribute to science?
- Created first artificial skin to treat burn injuries.
- Patients with severe burn injuries could be treated and decrease the possibility of infection.
What is the purpose of skin?
It not only protects and covers more delicate tissues, in many species (including humans) it is important for shaping our behavioral signals to others.
Characteristics of the Epidermis
- has merkel discs
- does not have a direct blood supply!!
- exchanges gasses and nutrients via diffusion with the dermis
Characteristics of the Dermis
contains connective tissue
- stores blood vessels
- neural structures
- muscle tissue
- hair follicles
- glands (sebaceous/sweat)
- arrector pili muscle
- papillary layer
- reticular layer
Characteristics of the Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
- insulates
- absorbs shock
- stores energy
Characteristics of the Stratum Corneum
Consists of dead, rigid, squamous cells
Characteristics of the Stratum Granulosum
Forms keratohyalin granules
- lose water (desicat)
- cells are beginning to die
Characteristics of the Stratum Spinosum
Pre-keratin molecules
Characteristics of the Stratum Basale
The deepest layer- growing region
Contains melanocytes
- pigment producing cells
Contains merkel cells
- different that merkel discs
- these are in the dermis
- pain receptors (such as paper cuts)
Much of our hair is regressing into…
Velum Hair
4 Nervous Structures
Pacinian corpuscles
Messsiner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Merkel disks
Pacinian Corpuscles Characteristics
Deep pressures
Characteristics of Messiner’s Corpuscles
Detects light pressures
Characteristics of Free Nerve Endings
Nociceptors- detection of pain
Mapping of the Dermal Ridges. Which areas are more abundant?
Face and Hands
What does oil do to hair?
Fills holes in the hair shaft to give hair the soft feeling.
Also reduces friction.
What shape is straight hair texture?
Round
What shape is wavy hair texture?
Oval
What shape is curly hair texture?
Ribbon
What do hair permanents do to hair texture?
Straight to oval texture
What do hair straighteners to do hair texture?
Curly to straight
- puts cuts into hair shaft which makes it relax
How much melanin pigment does BLACK hair have?
HIGH
How much mineral deposition does BLACK hair have?
LOW to none
How much melanin pigment does BROWN hair have?
HIGH
How much mineral deposition does BROWN hair have?
HIGH
How much melanin pigment does BLOND hair have?
LOW to none
How much mineral deposition does BLOND hair have?
HIGH
How much melanin pigment does WHITE hair have?
NONE
How much mineral deposition does BLOND hair have?
LOW to none
How much melanin pigment does WHITE hair have?
NONE
How much mineral deposition does WHITE hair have?
LOW to none
Characteristics of RED hair
Occurs via specialized mineralization (iron) and/or pigment production
What is Eumelanin?
Brownish/black in color. The primary pigment type produced.
Characteristics of GRAY hair
Loss of pigment- sporadic loss of pigment
What is Pheomelanin?
Pink to red tint, depending upon the concentration.
- particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina.
- present in the skin and higher concentrations cause more pinkish hue to the skin
How is “strawberry blonde” created?
When a small amount of brown eumelanin in hair, which would otherwise cause blond hair, is mixed with red pheomelanin.
What are Trichochromes?
Pigments produced from the same metabolic pathway, but without significant color. They often are associated with the presence of red hair.
Eponychium and the Hyponychium are…
protective barriers to the nail bed.
What does unlight allow our bodies to do?
Produce Vitamin D in the skin
Subnormal Vitamin D leads to, what?
Ricketts
Excessive sunlight causes…
skin cancer.
Melanin Inheritance Characteristics
- there are at LEAST 3 different genes that shape the ultimate skin tone of an individual
- the pigment that colors our skin is melanin and the greater production of melanin in the skin, the darker the skin tone will be
Variations in human skin tone is a reflection of…
the amount of and activity of the melanocytes in the lower boundary of the stratum basale (epidermis)
Melanin is able to do what?
Absorb even more energy in wavelength of light that are in the UV region.
More melanin means
More protection
Types of Skin Cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
Rule of Nines: anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
Anterior and posterior upper limbs
18%
Anterior and posterior trunk
36%
Perineum
1%
Anterior and posterior lower limbs
36%
Levels of Burns
1st
2nd
3rd
1st Degree Burn
Skin bearing partial thickness.
- burned skin region is shallow; epidermal
2nd Degree Burn
Skin bearing partial thickness.
- burned skin region is deeper and results in blistering (penetrates into the dermis but does not extend all the way through)
3rd Degree Burn
Skin bearing full thickness burn.
- burned skin region is through all layers of the skin and exposes deep tissues (through the dermis and potentially the hypodermis)
Sudoriferous Glands
sweat glands
Merocrine Glands
Sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling; widely distributed over the body surface; open by ducts onto the skin surface.
Apocrine Glands
Sweat glands that function as scent glands; found in the regions covered by the pubic, axillary, and male facial hair; open by ducts into hair follicles.
Sebaceous Glands
Oil glands associated with hair follicles.
Ceruminous Glands
Glands of the ear canal that contribute to the cerumen (earwax).
Mammary Glands
Milk-producing glands located in the breast.
What is botox?
Botulism Toxin
What was botox used for?
Treating vocal dysphonia. Individuals may partially or completely lose the ability to speak because of spasms of the issues in the larynx region. In treatment for this, the toxin is injected in one side of the musculature controlling one of the two vocal cords used in speech production. The resultant paralysis of one side often allows the individual to have a return of a usable voice (may be a bit distorted, but allows communication).
How does botox work, cosmetically?
Injected into the muscles underneath an area of wrinkling in the skin. The toxin paralyzes the muscles, causing it to relax, which will reduce or eliminate the furrows of a skin wrinkling above the paralyzed muscles.
What is Bernard Siegfried Albinus known for?
His drawings in the work entitled ‘Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body’ published in 1747
Characteristics of Hyaline Cartilage
Most abundant; moderately strong/flexible
Characteristics of Elastic Cartilage
Very flexible, not strong; found in the ear and epiglottis
Characteristics of Fibrocartilage
Very strong, not flexible; found in knee joints and vertebrae discs
Characteristics of Long Bones
- Stereotype bone
- Humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, phalanges
- knobs at the end are epiphyses; compact and spongy bone (RED bone marrow)
- center/long area are diaphysis; hollow tube, primarily compact bone, low red blood marrow (lots of YELLOW bone marrow)
- area in between the epiphysis and diaphysis is the epiphyseal disk; important in bone growth and formation
Characteristic of Short Bones
- boxy
- carpals, tarsals
Characteristics of Flat Bones
- develop between membranes
- cranial cap (frontal, temporal, occipital), sternum
Characteristics of Irregular Bones
- catch all group
- vertebrae
Characteristics of Sesamoid Bones
- Sesamoid bone
Characteristics of Spongy Bones
- diploe
- trabeculae; branches
- filled with RED bone marrow
Skeletal System Characteristics
- Structure, support and protection
- Blood cell production- roll of red bone marrow
- Repository for minerals
- zinc
- iron
Osteogenic Cell Characteristics
- stem cell
- can form into other cells; osteoblast, osteocyte, or osteoclast
Osteoblast Cell Characteristics
- will mineralize the bone tissue
- embed minerals into the bones
- matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
Osteocyte Cell Characteristics
Found in the femur
Osteoclast Cell Characteristics
- will demineralize bone tissue
- lead minerals out of the bone
- bone-resorbing cell
- takes calcium out of the bone tissue for systems to use
Ossification Definition
Formation of bone tissue
Week 9 of Baby Growth
- bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage; fully CARTILAGINOUS
- cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcified and then develops cavities; develops into hard bone
Month 3 of Baby Growth
- the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
- blood vessels form
- cartilage does not have a direct blood supply
- bone tissue does have a direct blood supply
Birth
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for Stage 5.
Childhood to Adolescence
- the epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
- the epiphyseal plate remains cartilaginous through adolescence or until puberty
- primary site of long bone growth- cartilaginous
What tears take the longest to heal?
Cartilage because it does not have a direct blood supply
What happens when you stop growing?
Bone growth stops
Do males or females experience puberty last?
Males; a person who starts puberty later will be taller
Scan of Young Skeleton Characteristics
- most of body is cartilaginous
- skull is forming more into bone
Weight Training when Younger
- at risk for bone injury because the epiphyseal plate is still cartilaginous
- compression fracture on femur, it will no longer grow
Blood Calcium Homeostasis Characteristics
- parathyroid gland produce PTH known as parathyroid hormone
- high levels of PTH leads to increase of osteoclast activity leading to leaching of calcium from bone tissue
- osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood; rebalancing homeostasis
-thyroid produces calcitonin; high calcitonin levels lead to increase osteoblast activity and lead to embedding of calcium into bone tissue; nearly the opposite of the parathyroid
Why did our ancestors have lower parathyroid hormone levels?
Their worries were about not having enough food or heating home. Have lower levels of PTH because would do physical labor to get food or wood for heat. Now, we don’t worry about those things.
Role of Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3, it is an important coenzyme and vitamin in bone health.
What is Ricketts?
A bone growth disorder that impacts young children. Bones are poorly mineralized due to lack of Vitamin D3
Definition of Osteoporosis
A disease where increase bone weakness increase the risk of a broken bone. A result of significant demineralization of the trabecula.
- subnormal calcification of adult bone tissue
Who does osteoporosis target more?
Elderly women
- spontaneous fracture of femur because of osteoporotic bone
- easy to fracture bones
- post menopause; sex hormones are low: calcium lose
- child bearing #; impacts sacral
- poor diet for calcium
Bending Stress in Femur
Most weight on head of the femur; bone that fractures first in an osteoporotic patient.
When were steel “bone cages” used on?
Patients suffering from Dwarfism
- used to lengthen legs
- developed in the Soviet Union in the 1950s
How did steel ‘bone cages’ work?
- purposely broke the bone
- every week, refracture/stretch bone (human bone can remodel up to 1 mm of bone tissue per week)
- can be used today with compression fractures that created pre-mature osteoporosis in tibia and fibular to match growth rate of other leg
What happens when you have a smaller body frame?
Smaller than average thoracic cage; smaller room for development of heart and lungs; stretching arms and legs creates more stress on the body.
Characteristics of Pituitary Giantism
- coarse facial features and prominent jaw
- tumor of the anterior pituitary gland
- life expectancy is lower
- become wheelchair bound
- can develop cardiovascular issues
- have high GH (growth hormone) levels; surgery or treatment would need to be done or would keep growing, leading to death
Untreated Acromegaly Characteristics
- GH secretion following the competition of puberty; never declined (stayed same); height doesn’t continue but bones become thicker
- glabella becomes more thick and prominent
- jaw line is very pronounced
- untreated= ribs become thick, problems for breathing and cardiovascular system
- bone thickening= skull begins to compress against the brain and other areas of the skeletal system
How can Acromegaly be induced?
Steroids
- to become stronger
- Lyle Alzado passed from a tumor that was possibly induced from steroids
Chelation Therapy Defintion
Intravenous administration of chemicals designed to absorb toxic substances that have accumulated in the body. Most notably used for exposure to heavy metals such as lead or mercury
Impacts of Exposure to harsh chemicals
Lead: decreases IQ- increases of ADHD; physiological health issues
Mercury: psychosis
Cobalt: impacts physiological health
Stages of Bone Healing
- a hematoma forms
- fibrocartilage callus forms
- bony callus forms
- bone remodeling occurs
What moving lumbar holds the most amount of weight?
Lumbar
Of all the vertebrae, which holds the most weight?
Sacral
Female Pelvic Design
Legs are farther forward, wider pelvis for childbirth; creates more wear on the pelvic girdle
Male Pelvic Design
Narrow pelvis
Purpose of the Arches of Feet
Shock absorber
Flat Feet Disadvantages
Arches have fallen, body weight transfers up the legs; become tired more quickly
Fetal Skull Characteristics
- sutures are incomplete
- areas that are non ossified “soft spot”
- soft spots allow for skull to compress during childbirth
Cleft Lip Palate Characteristics
- one side of maxilla incompletely forms
- oral and nasal cavity merge together
- surgery can be done to have lip repaired; during young ages mainly
Sir John Charnley Contributions to Science
The surgeon who pioneered the use of artificial joints in the early 1960s.
Fibrous Joints Characteristics
Joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement
Types of Sutures
Serrate sutures
- dovetail joint
Lap suture
- miter joint
Plane suture
- butt join
Synopsis joint
Syndesmosis joint
Gomphosis joint
Cartilaginous Joint Characteristics
- joints that are created via cartilage, these joints allow a small amount of movement
- Synchondroses
: epiphyseal plate, sternum and manubrium
Synovial Joint Characteristics
Also know as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule surrounding it that allows far greater range of motion between the two articulating bones than other types.
Articular Cartilage Characteristics
- hyaline
- minimizes wear and tear
Synovial Membrane Characteristics
- produces synovial fluid
- lubricant to reduce wear and tear
Fibrous Capsule Characteristics
- gives structural strength in the synovial membrane
What is Bursae?
Pillow made from synovial membrane and is filled with synovial fluid.
What is Bursitis?
Inflammation in joints- elbows
Plane Joint (gliding, synovial)
- limited 2 dimensional movement
- ex; bones of the carpals and tarsals
Hinge Joint (synovial)
- rotational 2 dimensional movement
- ex; elbow and knee joints
Pivot Joint (synovial)
- specialized 2 dimensional rotational movement
- ex; between the radius and ulna
Condyloid Joint (synovial)
- limited 3 dimensional rotational movement
- between the metacarpals and phalanges or between the metacarpals and phalanges
Saddle Joint (synovial)
- specialized 3 dimensional movement
- between the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb
Ball and Socket (synovial)
- wide ranging 3 dimensional movement
- shoulder, between humerus and scapula, head of the femur, and acetabulum
Never walk on an injured knee
Cartilage takes longer to heal than a ligament
Temporomandibular Joint Characteristics
- lateral excursion: side-to-side movements of the mandible
- TMJ Disorder; cleaning and grinding of the teeth
Arthritis Defintion
Degradation of joint leading to distortion of pain, inflammation
Osteoarthritis Characteristics
Due to wearing out of the articular cartilage between two bones
Rheumatoid Arthritis Characteristics
- Degradation of the articular cartilages
- Result of an autoimmune response
Kenneth Gustke Contributions
Knee replacement prosthesis
