Exam #1 Flashcards
What 3 things did Louis Pasteur do?
- Disproved “spontaneous generation”
- Developed a valuable food treatment process
- Developed one of the first vaccines against rabies
Purpose of the skeletal system
- Framework
- Source of blood cell production
- Repository/storage of many minerals
3 types of muscle tissue and their characteristics
Skeletal
- striations
Cardiac
- striations + intercalated discs
Smooth
- no striations, no intercalated discs
The nervous system is…
an “electrical” communication
The endocrine system is…
a “chemical” (hormones) communication
Homeostasis and the characteristics
“Relative” balance… in a range; receptor, control center, and effector
When hot=sweating
When cold=shivering
Blood pressure can change due to environmental conditions
Blood flows down the body when standing up due to gravity
- Baroreceptors above heart respond to drop in blood pressure
- Baroreceptors send signals to cardiac center of brainstem
- Cardiac center accelerates heart rate
- Blood pressure rises to normal, homeostasis is restores
Hemostasis is…
“Blood” balance
The process of blood vessel repair in association to blood flow.
Foramen Magnum is…
The hole at the base of a skull
Foramen means…
hole or window
Magnum means…
big
What is Niels Bohr attributed to?
Originator of the model of the atom
What is Marie Curie attributed to?
Conducted extensive research into the radioactivity of various elements like radium.
Selman Waksman is attributed to?
Investigating how soil microbes defend themselves against invaders which lead to the isolation of 22 different defensive compounds produced by soil microbes. These discoveries led to the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
Waksman received the 1952 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
Structures of an atom and their characteristics
Protons (red)- positive charged particles in the NUCLEUS
Neutrons (yellow)- neutrally charged particles in the NUCLEUS
Electrons (gray)- negative charged particles that are in ORBITALS/shells
What does the atomic number represent?
of protons in an atom
What are isotopes?
Different forms of the same type of atom that very in number of neutrons.
Characteristics of each shell
Closest to the nucleus; up to 2 electrons
Middle; up to 8 electrons
Outer; up to 8 electrons
- Electrons try to get as close to the nucleus as possible
- Electrons fill the innermost shell before filling another
Why do atoms bond?
Bonding improves stability of the atoms.
Characteristics of chemically INTERT elements
Completely filled outer shell.
DO NOT react with other atoms.
Nobel elements, Nobel gasses, Inert gasses.
Found in column 18.
Characteristics of chemically REACTIVE elements
Incompletely filled outer shell.
DO react with other atoms.
Found in columns 1-17.
Bond together to form molecules; 2 or more atoms.
Ionic bond characteristics
Bond that results in one atom giving up an electron completely to another atom.
Covalent bond characteristics
Bond that results in atoms sharing atoms with each other.
Non-polar Covalent bond characteristics
Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar Covalent bond characteristics
Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
What molecule is linear and symmetrical? Non-polar
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What molecules has two poles of charge and what elements are positive/negative?
V-shaped; H2O.
A slightly more negative oxygen end and a slightly more positive hydrogen end.
Hydrogen bonds involve interaction with water, so what does it form between? Making it stronger or weaker?
Forms between MOLECULES, making it WEAKER
What do bonds normally formally between? (not including a hydrogen bond)
ATOMS
Hydrogen bonds allow for…
Cohesion; water can move against the pull of gravity; allows our blood and hormones to circulate in our body.
Describes a solution as being acidic, basic (alkaline), or neutral
pH scale
0 up to 7
Acidic
Over 7 to 14
Basic- alkaline
Exactly 7
Neutral
Most acidic fluid in our body
Gastric fluid; allows for breakdown of protein
A solution involves what two components?
Solute and Solvert
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved in the solution.
What is a solvert?
Water
What does 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings form?
A steroid
What is the basis for all steroids formed in the body?
Cholesterol; macromolecules are involved
4 Levels of Analysis for Macromolecules
1st- primary
2nd- secondary; B pleated sheets: helix shape
3rd- tertiary; 3D view of entire macromolecule
4th- quaternary; how multiple macromolecules interact (ex: jigsaw puzzle)
What is a reactant?
Substrate
What are products?
Lower-free energy levels
What is activation energy?
The amount of energy that is necessary to convert reactants into products.
What are enzymes?
A biological catalyst that promotes a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed. NEVER a permanent part of the RX.
What is a cofactor or coenzyme?
A molecule that will change/alter the active site of an enzyme.
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Process of ATP
Converts into ADP when cell uses energy; energy source for muscle cells to contract; chemical work; transport work
What is AMP?
Adenosine Monophosphate; when cells break
Who was Camillo Golgi?
Identified the cell organelle now named the “golgi body” and he worked extensively in research helping to define the field of neurobiology. Golgi received a Nobel Prize for his work.
Cell characteristics
- Will very in shapes and location
- Surface to volume ratio; how much volume a cell take vs. their surface area
- Smaller cells will exhibit a HIGHER surface to volume ration
What does the phospholipid bilayer do (PLB)?
Creates a selectively permeable membrane.
What are integral proteins?
Go into or through the phospholipid bilayer.
What are peripheral proteins?
Exit on either side of the PLB.
What does cholesterol do with the PLB?
Helps in structural stability
Transport characteristics in integral proteins
A protein that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. Some transport proteins hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane.
Receptors for signal transduction characteristics
A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone. The external signal may cause a change in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell.
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristics
Elements of the cytoskeleton (cells internal supports) and the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell) may be anchored to membrane proteins, which help maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins. Others play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together.
Tight junctions characteristics
A simple, sort of like a “spot weld”
Desmosomes characteristics
Plaque proteins; weaker proteins (ca herons)
Gap junctions
A cluster of integral proteins that form a channel (connexon)
Diffusion meaning
The movement from one region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Carrier Mediated Facilitated Diffusion meaning
An integral protein that is specialized to bring in a particular material.
Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion meaning
A channel is formed that allows a variety of materials to move through.
Facilitated Diffusion meaning
Using a protein to assist in moving material from a region of low concentration to high concentration.
Osmosis meaning
Diffusion of WATER; high to low concentration
- Simple osmosis; directly across the PLB
- Channel facilitated; uses a channel protein (aquaporin)
Solutions Red Blood Cells are housed in
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
What is isotonic?
Same basic salinity as the red blood cells.
What is hypertonic?
Higher salinity than the red blood cells (RBC)
What is hypotonic?
Lower salinity than red blood cells (RBC)
Lyse meaning
Rupture
- Hemolysis
(blood) (rupture)
What does active transport do?
Uses an integral protein to move material from a region of low concentration to high concentration.
- requires the use of cellular energy
- movement AGAINST the concentration gradient
Parts of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Characteristics of Phagocytosis
Solid materials
- “cell eating”
Characteristics of Pinocytosis
Liquid materials
- “cell drinking”
Characteristics of Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Purposely allows one material into the PLB over another
- “cell fishing”
Clathrin proteins one the inner PLB leading to PLB invagination results
- Leads to vesicle formation
- Spheres of PLB filled with materials
Exocytosis characteristics
Expel materials from a vessel.
Rough ER characteristics
Contains ribosomes; facilitation protein production
What does the Golgi Body/Apparatus do?
- Manufacture
- Package materials (often for release)
What does mucus do in the nasal cavity?
- warm air
- moisturizes the air in our body; protecting the alveoli
- traps dust, dirt, debris
Cell cycle name
Mitosis
Mitosis phases
I- interphase
P- prophase
M- metaphase
A- anaphase
T- telophase
Effects of Anorexia Nervosa: happened to Karen Carpenter
- An eating disorder
- Characterized by low weight
- Fear of gaining weight
- Strong desire to be thing
- Resulting in food restriction
- Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are severely underweight
What did Rosalyn Franklin, Francis Watson, and James Crick contribute to science?
The three are researchers who identified organization of DNA
Human Karyotype Characteristics
A malfunction in a gene, will show in their life
What does CC mean?
Homozygous
What does Cc represent?
Heterozygous
What does cc represent?
Homozygous
Cleft Chin characteristics
CC or Cc
How many genes determine eye color?
At least 3 different genes
XX represents?
A female
XY represents?
A male
What is Edward Zirm attributed to?
First Corneal Transplant in 1906.
- The cornea doesn’t have a direct blood supply so the immune system didn’t attack.
- Kidney transplants couldn’t be done at this time.
Tissue Types
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscular
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- One layers of cells of squamous shape
- In kidneys and air sacs of the lungs
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Single layer of cubelike structures
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Single layer of tall cells
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- A single layer of columnar epithelia cells
Transitional Epithelial
- Different cell shapes brought together
- In tissues that touch each other
Merocrine glands
- Secrete their products by exocytosis
Holocrine Glands
- The entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
Connective Tissue; loose connective; AREOLAR
Filled with lots of things
Connective Tissue; loose connective; ADIPOSE
- Fewer things; fat cell and fat droplet
- In mammary glands
- For protection
- For insulation
- Dissipates shock forces
- Storage of energy
Connective Tissue; dense; DENSE REGULAR
- Collagen fibers and nuclei of fibroblasts
- Forms tendons and most ligaments
Connective Tissue; dense; ELASTIC
- Elastic fibers
- In aorta to allow for the expansion for blood pumping
Different types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibroconnective
Elastic
Hyaline cartilage
- Most abundant
- Chondrocyte in lacunae
- Matrix
Fibroconnective cartilage
- Most durable
- In intervertebral discs
- Chondrocytes in lacunae
- Collagen fiber
Elastic cartilage
- Most flexible
- Found in external ear (pina), flexible
- Matrix
Osseous Tissue
- Very rigid and hard
- Bone
Blood Tissue
- Liquid tissue
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons running through it
Muscle Tissue types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal Tissue
- striations
- nuclei
- muscle fiber cell
- cognitively controlled
Cardiac Tissue
- striations (organization)
- intercalated discs (allow greater chemical communication between cells)
- involuntary control
Smooth Tissue
- no striations
- no intercalated discs
- in organs and blood vessel
Membrane Types
Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous Membrane
The skin covers the body
Mucous Membrane
- Lines body cavities to the exterior
- Produces mucous
Serous Membrane
- Line body cavities closed to the exterior
- Produces serous fluid
