Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bacteriology > Exam 2 bacteria > Flashcards

Exam 2 bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

General features of Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive, in clusters, pyogenic, facultative anaerobes, can use catalase test to distinguish between Strep and this. Use mannitol salt agar to distinguish between species. Commensals on skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S. aureus

A

golden yellow colonies, double zone hemolysis, coagulase positive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are S. aureus’s virlence factor categories?

A

Cell-Associated Components, Exoenzymes, exotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is important about Toxic Shock Syndrome?

A

From superantigen of S. aureus, enters blood stream, needs oxygen to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are S. aureus’s hemolysins?

A

alpha-most potent pore forming toxin; beta-sphingomyelinase; gamma-aka leukotoxin in necrotizing lesions; delta-pro inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is S. aureus resistant to antimicrobials?

A

Has beta-lactamase and penicillin-binding protein 2a which leads to MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the diseases caused by S. aureus?

A

Mastitis: in dairy cows from contaminated workers, use ceftiofur or cephalosporin to treat, dry cow therapy is effective. Food poisoning: from toxins, cannot be killed by heat. Bumblefoot in poultry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are diseases caused by S. hyicus?

A

Greasy pig disease/exudative dermatitis: produce exfoliative toxin, leads to crusty lesions that can be used as diagnosis. Treat with enrofloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are diseases caused by S. pseudointermedius?

A

Pyoderma in dogs: rarely systemic, can lead to intradermal abscesses, deep lesions become furuncles which can rupture and produce pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are general characteristics for Streptococcus?

A

Pyogenic, in chains, Gram positive, beta hemolytic more pathogenic. B-E, G, L, U, V cause animal diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

S. agalactiae

A

FbsA protein is major virulence factor, polysaccharide capsule (NOT hyaluronic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

S. dysgalactiae

A

FOG is virulence factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S. equi

A

M protein is virulence factor, capsule of hyaluronic acid, SPE superantigen to activate T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S. suis

A

Suilysin O causes membrane pore formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the diseases caused by S. agalactiae?

A

Contagious Bovine Mastitis: has cytotoxic activity against mammary tissue, slowly progresses to inflammation, attracts PMNs and when those die, enzymes cause tissue damage. Fibrin plugs involutes secretory tissue and loss of milk production. Susceptible to penicillins and can use Blitz treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the diseases caused by S. dysgalactiae?

A

Bovine Mastitis: infection of teat usually with Arcanobacterium pyogenes, as a result of damage. Sporadic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the diseases caused by S. uberis?

A

Bovine Mastitis: opportunistic invasion of mammary gland by environmental soiling. Neutrophils invade secretory acini, leads to septal edema and necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are diseases caused by S. equi?

A

Strangles: contagious, purulent pharyngitis and lymphadenitis that involves regional lymph nodes in young horses. Has to be spread by direct or indirect pus or discharge. Attaches to tonsils, encapsulated and produce mucoid colonies. Metastasized is called Bastard. Culture nasal swabs, most horses have strong immunity after infection. Does not need treatment but can use penicillin UNLESS external lymph node affected-will cause rupture. Vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the diseases caused by S. suis?

A

Syndromes in pigs: carry on tonsils and transmission by respiratory and oral. Predisposing factors like stress or lowered immunity cause infection. Virulence factors: capsular polysaccharide, surface exposed or secreted proteins, suilysin. Piglets contaminated by vaginal colonization. Septicemia->joints, lung, brain. Frequently isolated from endocarditis lesions. Rise in rectal temp first. NEED to serotype and then use parenteral treatment like ampicillin or trimeth/sulfa. Need vaccines. ZOONOTIC, can lead to meningitis, endocarditis, arthritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are general features of Enterobacteriaceae?

A

Gram -, facultatively anaerobe, can ferment lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Escherichia coli

A

lactose fermenter, normal in intestinal flora, Shiga toxin producing ones are pathogenic, O antigens important for septicemia, K antigen against phagocytosis, classified into intestinal and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Need to heat to 160 for 15 seconds to kill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the five types of intestinal E. coli?

A

Enteropathogenic: cause effacement of microvilli, doesn’t produce Shiga toxin, causes diarrhea, affects farm animals
Shiga toxigenic: attachment mediated by intimin, Shiga toxin 2e causes edema in pigs, genes found on prophage, serotype O157:H7 is food borne and zoonotic, affects farm animals
Enteroinvasive: Salmonella-like, in poultry
Enterotoxigenic: Cholera-like, attachment is pili mediated, produce enterotoxins, increases AC or GC activity, leads to a hypersecretion in fluids and electrolytes, affects farm animals
Enteroaggregative: causes ST toxin like EAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the extraintestinal E. coli strains do?

A

Cause mastitis, UTIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What general disease does E. coli cause?

A

Colibacillosis: Diarrheal, septicemic, or suppurative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the diseases of pigs and by what type of E. coli?

A

Swine; neonatal enteritis: perfuse diarrhea and high mortality by ETEC; weanling enteritis: feeder pigs by EPEC; edema disease: absorption of toxin from intestine. Separate healthy from sick and put antibiotics in feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the predisposing factors for E. coli disease in pigs?

A

Age, change of feed, rapid growth, diarrhea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the E. coli diseases in cattle?

A

Neonatal enteritis: has white scour, calves in confinement, endotoxin and usually fatal; Mastitis: coliform, in herds where teat dipping and dry cow therapy common, endotoxin, causes clots and little loss of production, environmental and no special virulence factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the E. coli diseases in dogs and cats?

A

UTIs!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the E. coli diseases in poultry?

A

Localized or systemic, no diarrheal, respiratory infection, swollen head syndrome (condemnation of carcass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are there vaccines for E. coli?

A

Autogenous, pilus, J-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

General characteristics of Salmonella

A

Gram -, facultative anaerobe, nonlactose producing, motile by peritrichous flagella, ZOONOTIC. Intestinal tract, can survive freezing. Group 2 is for animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are the different Salmonella strains identified?

A

Antigens. Somatic: LPS, use agglutination test. Flagellar: heat labile, low molecular weight protein animals develop high titers. Virulence: heat stable, from acidic polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is Salmonella acquired?

A

From raw milk, flies, transovarian transmission, direct via feces or from animals. Have heat shock proteins to survive macrophages. Colonize intestines not by pili, invade,stimulation of fluid production and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What types of bovine disease does Salmonella cause?

A

Salmonellosis: caused by S. Dublin and S. typhimurium. Carrier animals source of infection. Dublin causes abortion (culture positive when bacteremia results in fetal expulsion and culture negative where PGF2alpha is released and results in CL lysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What Salmonella disease in horses?

A

Caused by S. typhimurium. latent infections common but STRESS causes disease. Fatal for foals, survivors have diarrhea for months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What Salmonella disease in swine?

A

Mostly diarrhea type. S. choleraesuis in intestine and mesenteric lymph node. acute form has purplish areas. subacute is malodorous diarrhea. chronic leads to mucosal necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What about bird salmonellosis?

A

S. pullorum causes Pullorum disease (fatal in young chicks. Inhalation or ingestion leads to lesions). S. gallinarum causes Fowl Typhoid (in ovary of carrier birds, can be by tick, die before clinical signs). Rare in US, but in backyard chickens. Mandatory to report! S. typhimurium in broiler chickens leads to food borne diseases in people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is important about isolating Salmonella?

A

Either the cause of problem or potential one. MUST use sensitivity test or resistant strain leads to systemic infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How is one protected against Salmonella?

A

IgA or IgG antibodies, type 4 hypersensitivity, live vaccines or siderophore based vaccines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What diseases do humans get?

A

Typhoid, enteric fever, gastroenteritis (most common).

41
Q

General features of Klebsiella

A

Gram -, lactose fermenter, facultative anaerobe, only K. pneumoniae is pathogenic., thickly capsulated, mucoid colonies. Nosocomial. virulence factors are capsule and endotoxin

42
Q

Diseases caused by Klebsiella?

A

Suppurative, gangrenous coliform mastitis of cows, UTI of dogs, Metritis of horses

43
Q

Enterobacter

A

E. aerogenes: severe udder necrosis, sakazakii: infant meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis

44
Q

Proteus

A

Swarm on agar surface because of flagella, urease is virulence factor, P. mirabilis in animals

45
Q

Contagious versus Environmental mastitis

A

Infected mammary glands are primary reservoirs, milking equipment/hands transmit, S. aureus and S. agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis. Use post dipping to treat and dry cow therapy for antimicrobials VS reservoir is environment, infection from bedding or feces, coliform bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes) and S. dysgalactiae and uberis, treat with pre dipping and keeping teats clean and dry before milking.

46
Q

General features of Yersinia

A

Bipolar staining and safety-pin appearance, trophism for lymph nodes (buboes or mesenteric lymphadenitis)

47
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Rodents, obligate, transmitted by FLEA BITE, direct contact, or ingestion. Leads to Sylvatic plague, has to get iron for virulence (use high pathogenicity islands)! Has murine toxin and pesticin and hyaluronidase for virulence. Caused Justinian, Medieval, and Orientalis plague. bioterroristic agent

48
Q

Diseases from Yersinia in cats

A

Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic. Those with pneumonic lesions can transmit to humans via inhalation or bites/scratches. Bubonic can use antibiotics to treat.

49
Q

How to control Yersinia

A

Quarantine animal, use protective clothing, do NOT do a necropsy.

50
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

A

Plague like disease in guinea pigs, minks, chinchillas. Do not treat-become carriers. Euthanize

51
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Tonsils of healthy pigs which is a reservoir for humans. Psychrotroph-can grow in 0 degrees so refrigeration doesn’t kill. Sheep and goats most affected. Cause miliary abscesses.

52
Q

Characteristics of Pseudomonas

A

Gram -, facultative anaerobe, nonfermentive, oxidase positive. Nosocomial

53
Q

P. aeruginosa

A

Metabolic versatility, can grow in distilled water, best example for opportunistic pathogen, colonies have fruity odor because of aminoacetophenone, green blue pigment from pyocyanin or fluorescein. Bacteriophage typing. Virulence: slime, exotoxin, alginate, pyocins

54
Q

Diseases caused by P. aeruginosa

A

Traumatic reticulo pericarditis in cow, necrotic ___ in swine, mastitis and granulomas in cow, fleece dermatitis in sheep, corneal ulcerations in horses, most common otitis externa in dogs and cats, severe hemorrhagic disease in minks and chinchillas and produces frothy red fluid, infects cystic fibrosis lung

55
Q

How to control P. aeruginosa

A

TEST for antimicrobial sensitivity (only use fluoroquinolones, gentamycin)

56
Q

Characteristic of P.stutzeri

A

dry and wrinkled morphology on blood agar

57
Q

Burkholderia mallei

A

Glanders in horses (crater like ulcers with sticky exudate), true parasite, eradicated, use Mallein test

58
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

Meliodosis in horses, caseous nodules and abscesses, sulfa/tri therapy

59
Q

Aeromonas hydrophila

A

intense beta hemolysis, reptiles/fish/amphibians, hemorrhagic septicemia

60
Q

General features of Dichelobacter

A

large rods, nonmotile, Gram -, heavily fimbriated, obligate of epidermis in hoof.

61
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus

A

Can enter by strongyloides larvae or abrasions, enters after F. necrophorum damages epithelium. Heavily fimbriated but with pili antigens that are protective

62
Q

What diseases does D. nodosus cause?

A

Foot rot in sheep-can walk on knees if severe, treat by paring, footbaths with formalin, oral zinc sulfate, injections of penicillin and streptomycin

63
Q

General characteristics of Fusobacterium

A

Gram-, nonspore forming, produce butyric acid

64
Q

F. necrophorum

A

Usually in GI tract, A biovar more pathogenic than B, can infect either by opportunism or by abrasions on foot in soil, leukotoxin (protects against phagocytosis and damages hepatic parenchyma) and LPS (creates anaerobic environment) major virulence factors

65
Q

What are the fusobacterium diseases?

A

Necrobacillosis: suppurative, necrotic, foul smelling pus, low mortality, thrush in horses (poor hygiene, lack of cleaning, in frog), ulcerations and foot rot in sheep, stomatitis in swine, avian diphtheria, Lemierre’s syndrome in humans (head foci infection)

66
Q

What are the most important economic diseases in cows caused by F. necrophorum?

A

Calf diphtheria (necrotic lesions in oral cavity and larynx), foot rot (major cause of lameness by fecal excretion), liver abscesses (rumenitis-liver abscess complex, exclusive to feedlot cattle, cause of liver condemnation). Arcanobacterium pyogenes is secondary invader

67
Q

Pathogenesis of liver abscesses in F. necrophorum infections

A

Rapid fermentation of grain results in ruminal acidosis, damage to protective surface predisposes to infection, bacteria from portal system filtered by liver which leads to abscesses, can enter blood and shed emboli), only detected at slaughter because no clinical signs, use antimicrobials in feed to prevent

68
Q

How to prevent F. necrophorum diseases

A

Vaccine based on leukotoxoid but no longer available

69
Q

Prevotella and Porphyromonas

A

Oral cavity, causes periodontal disease

70
Q

General features of Clostridium

A

Gram +, straight rods, motile, spore forming, anaerobic, fermentative->putrid odor of lesions, organized by greek letter, infectious but not contagious

71
Q

What are the four groups of Clostridium?

A

1-neurotoxigenic (cannot multiply in living tissues, potent toxins), 2-enterotoxigenic/histotoxic (necrotic enteritis of all animals), 3-enterotoxigenic (enteric infections), 4-histotoxic (invasive, less potent toxins)

72
Q

C. tetani

A

Causes tetanus, more prevalent in tropics, tennis racket shaped, in all animals (surgery, contamination of wounds), has tetanolysin and tetanospasmin (neurotoxin, plasmid encoded large protein similar to botulinum->ganglioside receptors on neurons->blocks release of glycine->unregulated stimulus->spastic paralysis). only one antigenic type. Ascending tetanus as toxin moves up, descending tetanus of limbs in horses and humans. Inhibits gamma amino butyric acid release. Death by spasms of respiratory musculature. Horses most susceptible and birds least. Signs like stiffness, risus sardonicus

73
Q

Prevention against C. tetani

A

Vaccine with tetanus toxoid lasts for one year for horse, tetanus antitoxin in horse, disinfections, prevent excitement, recovery DOES NOT give antitoxic immunity

74
Q

C. botulinum

A

Cause of botulism, flaccid paralysis of voluntary muscles and death by respiratory paralysis; in soil samples and not intestinal tract, NOT infection but intoxication by ingestion. Progenitor toxin complex with botulinum protein (similar to tetanospasmin but forms complex), A-B toxin activated by cleaving by proteolytic enzymes. Action at myoneural junction and prevents Ach release. Encoded by chromosome. 8 antigen types. Types C/D causes it in domestic animals. Pigs and dogs more resistant and rare in cats. Limberneck in chickens, Western Duck Sickness, Shaker foal Syndrome, Loin disease in cattle. Mortality is high. Heat labile.

75
Q

Prevention against C. botulinum

A

Good husbandry practices, vaccination with type specific and bivalent or trivalent. Lasts for 2 years but not used because of sporadic nature

76
Q

Diseases of C. botulinum

A

Three: Food borne (true intoxication), Wound, and Infant. Commercial: botulinum toxin type A is BOTOX

77
Q

C. perfringens

A

Double zone of hemolysis, lecithinase on egg yolk agar is round zone. In soil and warm blooded animals. Type A,C,D in U.S.

78
Q

What are the different toxins of C. perfringens

A

alpha-hemolytic and cytotoxic, beta-necrotizing in intestine, epsilon-protease activated prototoxin increases intestinal permeability, iota-skeletal and nonmuscle actins and dermonecrotic. Enterotoxin causes food poisoning. Other toxins are lethal.

79
Q

Diseases of C. perfringens

A

Necrotic enteritis, hemorrhagic enteritis (increase in food intake, bowel stasis, overgrowth of bacteria and production of toxins in GI tract, absorption of toxins, disease results in death).

80
Q

C. perfringens type A diseases

A

Food poisoning in humans (mostly due to improper storage techniques), Yellow lamb disease, Abomasal bloat and ulcers in calves (onset is quick, use antibiotics orally or formalin in milk replacers), necrotic enteritis in chickens (no signs, ileum and jejunum, use antibiotics in water), gangrenous dermatitis in chickens (usually because of other diseases like viruses, illness short then dead, shows dark and moist lesions not covered in feathers)

81
Q

C. perfringens type C diseases

A

Piglets most affected by this type, hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis caused by beta toxin, struck in sheep, pig bel in small intestine

82
Q

C. perfringens type D diseases

A

Pulpy kidney disease (sheep fed high concentrate diets, caused by epsilon toxin that needs trypsin activation)

83
Q

C. difficile

A

Pseudomembranous colitis in humans (overgrowth in colon, after antibiotic therapy) CDIs are hospital associated, hypervirulent strains, toxin A is enterotoxin and causes fluid accumulation; toxin B is cytotoxic and does not cause fluid accumulation

84
Q

Animal CDIs

A

hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis in foals, pigs and cattle less so

85
Q

C. haemolyticum

A

causative of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria in cows from beta toxin (ingest spore, trauma or tissue damage helps spores produce vegetative cells and beta toxin, toxin released from liver and causes systemic intravascular hemolysis) with back up, reluctant to move, high mortality with liver infarct found always. Use antitoxin, supportive care, destroy parasites

86
Q

C. novyi

A

Type A, B, C; virulence factors like alpha toxin that is phage encoded and lethal

87
Q

C. novyi type A diseases

A

Gas gangrene in humans, cattle, and sheep, big head in rams

88
Q

C. novyi type B diseases

A

Black disease of sheep/rare cows (seen with flukes (liver damage caused by fluke migration, alpha toxin leads to death and necrosis in liver). Use bacterins or destroy snails

89
Q

C. chauvoei

A

Black leg in ruminants, from alpha toxin/beta toxin/gamma toxin/delta toxin/gelatinase. Spores in soil; muscle sloughs if lives and has crepitant feeling because of gas; treat with penicillin, antitoxin, or antiserum. Recovered have lifelong immunity.

90
Q

Morganella morganii

A

Nonlactose fermenter, UTI/ear infections in dogs and cats, mastitis in bovines, human pathogen

91
Q

C. colinum

A

Quail disease

92
Q

C. spiroforme

A

enterotoxemia in rabbits

93
Q

Bacteroides

A

B. fragilis is important, enterotoxin called fragilysin, causes fluid secretion in intestinal loops, also called zinc metalloprotease

94
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

red colonies on agar, causes mastitis, indicator of how well organism spreads

95
Q

Clostridium sporogenes

A

grows in spoiled feed, leads to polioencephalomalacia in ruminants and endotoxemia in rabbits. Solve with thiamin.

96
Q

Clostridium villosum

A

long and filamentous, hairy/shaggy morphology, oral flora in cats

97
Q

C. septicum

A

malignant edema and braxy (ingestion of frosted grass, no clinical signs) in sheep. In soil and intestinal tract

98
Q

Streptococcus porcinus

A

Infect lymphatics and lymph nodes of the head, also called jowl abscess of young swine

Bacteriology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions