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Bacteriology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What are treatments based on?

A

Number of microbes, environmental conditions, time of exposure, microbial characteristics

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2
Q

What are the modes of action?

A

Alteration of membrane permeability, damage to proteins, damage to nucleic acids

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3
Q

Why are antimicrobials used in animals?

A

Therapeutic use, prophylaxis, metaphylaxis, growth promotion

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4
Q

What are some chemical ways of controlling microbes?

A

Phenol (control surgical infections), halogens (iodine that interferes with amino acid complexes), alcohols (does not kill endospores), heavy metals (toxic and corrosive), 4th ammonium compounds (organic matter interferes), oxidizing agents (aseptic packaging)

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5
Q

What do broad spectrum antimicrobials protect against?

A

Gram +, Gram -, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using broad spectrum antimicrobials?

A

Can be used when the causative agent is not known but can also disrupt normal flora

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7
Q

What are the ways of antimicrobial resistance?

A

Enzymatic inactivation, modify target structure, efflux pump to reduce intracellular concentration, change in metabolic pathway

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8
Q

B-lactam

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenams, monobactams

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9
Q

Aminoglycoside

A

amikacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin

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10
Q

Aminocyclitols

A

spectinomycin

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11
Q

Macrolides

A

erythromycin, azithromycin

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12
Q

Tetracyclines

A

oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline

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13
Q

Phenicols

A

chloramphenicol, florfenicol

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14
Q

Lincosamides

A

lincomycin, clindamycin

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15
Q

glycopeptides

A

vancomycin

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16
Q

cyclic peptides

A

polymyxin

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17
Q

quinolones/fluoroquinolones

A

nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin

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18
Q

sulfonamides

A

sulfa drugs

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19
Q

diaminopyrimidines

A

trimethoprim

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20
Q

nitroimidazole

A

metronidazole

21
Q

nitrofuran

A

furazolidine

22
Q

Antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

penicillins, vancomycin, cephalosporins, carbapenams, bacitracin

PVC pipes Crazy Break cell walls

23
Q

What is important about the semisynthetic drug methicillin?

A

It was developed to evade penicillinases but led to the development of MRSA

24
Q

What can you do to evade B-lactamases with regards to penicillin?

A

Combine them with clavulanic acid or sulbactum

25
Q

What are carbapenams used for and what is an important consideration?

A

Small animals to treat cephalosporin resistant enteric bacteria; there are no vet labeled ones

26
Q

What is an important consideration for the administration of Bacitracin?

A

only used as a topical because of nephrotoxicity

27
Q

What is important about Vancomycin?

A

It treats MRSA

28
Q

Antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, macrolides, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, tetracyclines

People Always Love PMAT (because PMAT is phases of the cycle, reminds of protein synthesis)

29
Q

Aminoglycoside properties

A

binds to ribosomal subunit

30
Q

Aminocyclitol properties

A

spectinomycin is the only medicine of this for vet, binds to ribosomal subunit

31
Q

Macrolide properties

A

naturally occurring: erythromycin and tylosin; resistance common by “erm” genes; semisynthetic: tilmycosin

32
Q

Phenicol properties

A

Chloramphenicol causes aplastic anemia, blocks peptidyl transferase, Florfenicol replaces above in animals

33
Q

Lincosamide properties

A

bind to ribosome, Clindamycin is semisynthetic for anaerobic infections Cross resistance between Macrolides, Lincosamides, Streptogramins (MLS)

34
Q

Pleuromutilin properties

A

bind to ribosomal subunit, exclusively in animals

35
Q

Tetracycline properties

A

First broad spectrum discovered

36
Q

Antimicrobials that cause disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Polymyxins

Myx up the membrane

37
Q

Polymyxin properties

A

detergent like action and only works as a topical

38
Q

Antimicrobials that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Novobiocin, nitroimidazoles, rifamycin, fluoroquinolones, quinolones

NNRF quin quin

39
Q

Novobiocin properties

A

inhibits DNA gyrase, in combo with penicillins and tetracyclines

40
Q

Nitroimidazole properties

A

unstable intermediates produced-> DNA breakage and occurs in anaerobic conditions, only in small animals

41
Q

Rifamycin properties

A

related to macrolides, inhibit mRNA synthesis; Rifampin penetrates tissues well

42
Q

Fluoroquinolone properties

A

divided in three groups: 1) Gram - enteric like nalidixic acid; 2) approved for animals; 3) includes strep and strict anaerobes; increased activity because of membrane penetration; inhibit DNA gyrase through topoisomerases

43
Q

Quinolone properties

A

Enrofloxacin first used in animals, stopped controlling infection in birds because of concern over resistant bacteria

44
Q

Antimicrobials that are antimetabolites

A

Sulfonamides-synthetic sulfa drugs, diaminopyrimidines

So Done meta-bolism

45
Q

Sulfa drug properties

A

affect only cells synthesizing folic acid, so only bacteria; resistance is wide so combined with diaminopyrimidine

46
Q

Diaminopyrimidine properties

A

inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and only used in combo with sulfa drugs; trimethoprim

47
Q

Antimicrobials with random properties

A

Carbadox (under anaerobic), isoniazid (mycobacterium), ionophore (no therapeutic activity)

I-C-O random (I so random)

48
Q

What are some combinations of antibiotics?

A

penicillin and streptomycin; erythromycin-rifampin

49
Q

What are the reasons you would use combos?

A

1) treatment of polymicrobial infections, 2) Bactericidal when host defenses are impaired in serious infection; 3) enzymatic destruction of drug overcome with combo; 4) decrease drug toxicity and provide broad spectrum activity

Bacteriology (6 decks)

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