Exam #2 (Abnormal Psych) Flashcards
Which of the following is not a likely area of the brain circuit responsible for unipolar depression?
A. Hippocampus
B. Amygdala
C. Cerebellum
D. Brodmann Area
C. Cerebellum
(Research on the brain circuit responsible for unipolar depression has shown that the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25 (subgenual cingulate). Abnormal activity within these brain areas, as well as abnormal neurotransmitter activity, has been shown to lead to symptoms of unipolar depression.)
What is the difference between cyclothymic disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
A. Cyclothymic disorder is diagnosed only in children, while DMDD is not
B. Cyclothymic disorder involves significant mood swings, while DMDD involves severe temper outbursts
C. DMDD has several empirically supported treatments, while cyclothymic disorder does not
D.DMDD is a mild form of bipolar disorder, while cyclothymic disorder involves severe temper outbursts
B. Cyclothymic disorder involves significant mood swings, while DMDD involves severe temper outbursts.
(Cyclothymic disorder is when an individual experiences significant mood swings over a period of at least 2 years, with normal moods lasting from days to weeks. It is known as chronic, milder version of bipolar disorder. High moods are hypomania, while low moods have consistent symptoms with depression, but do not last as long as depressive episodes to be diagnosed as unipolar depression.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder involves severe temper outbursts with underlying persistent angry or irritable mood, occurring 3 or more times a week. Lasting at least 12 months, between temper outbursts, patient had persistent irritable mood. Onset is usually before age 10 but cannot be diagnosed before age 6 or after age 18.)
What are mixed episodes?
A. Individuals swing between manic and depressive symptoms over a short period of time, sometimes over the course of a day.
B. Individuals experience consistent depressed mood for at least 2 years, with no history of manic episodes
C. An individual experiences both major depressive disorders and persistent depressive disorder
D. An individual experiences reduced interest or pleasure in almost all activities that typically produce pleasure for them
A. Individuals swing between manic and depressive symptoms over a short period of time, sometimes over the course of a day
(Unlike individuals with bipolar 1 diagnosis that alternate between manic and depressive episodes that last weeks or months, individuals that experience mixed episodes swing between manic and depressive symptoms in a short period of time)
What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders?
A. Bipolar I individuals experience only hypomanic episodes; Bipolar II individuals experience only manic episodes
B. Bipolar I individuals experience manic episodes; Bipolar II individuals experience hypomanic and depressive episodes
C. Bipolar I individuals experience only depressive episodes; Bipolar II individuals experience only manic episodes
D. Bipolar I individuals experience hypomanic and depressive episodes; Bipolar II individuals experience only manic episodes
B. Bipolar I individuals experience manic episodes; Bipolar II individuals experience hypomanic and depressive episodes
(Bipolar I diagnosis requires an individual to experience at least one manic episode. Although a history of major depressive episodes is not required, many patients do experience them. Bipolar II diagnosis requires an individual to experience at least 1 hypomanic episode and at least 1 major depressive episode)
What percentage of individuals will experience a bipolar disorder at some point in their life?
A. 2%
B. 4%
C. 6%
D. 8%
B. 4%
(Worldwide, 1-2.6% of adults have bipolar disorder at any given time. 4% of individuals will experience a bipolar disorder at some point in their life (equal between men and women). Those with bipolar disorders are more likely to experience the greatest functional impairment (compared to those with unipolar depression). 82.9% serious impairment; 17.1% moderate impairment.
What is considered rapid cycling?
A. Experiencing 4 or more mood episodes within a one-year period
B. Intense mood swings that take place over the course of a day
C. Decreased need for sleep while engaging in increased activity for at least 2 weeks
D. Talking and moving rapidly
A. Experiencing 4 or more mood episodes within a one-year period
(Rapid cycling classification is reach when those with bipolar disorders have four or more episodes within a one-year period. These episodes are more likely to be depressive episodes, which typically last longer)
Although other neurotransmitters may be involved, research has shown that __ serotonin and __ norepinephrine may be responsible for depression.
A. low; high
B. high; low
C. high; high
D. low; low
D. low; low
(The permissive theory about mood disorders states that low serotonin activity may lead to the generation of a mood disorder. Norepinephrine activity along with low serotonin activity defines which mood disorder will develop.)
Low serotonin + low norepinephrine = depression
Low serotonin + high norepinephrine = mania
According to Seligman, depression is caused
A. by maladaptive attitudes, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts.
B. when people question themselves on events that were out of their control
C. when people believe that they have no control over their life and are responsible for their own helpless state
D. by large reductions in positive life rewards
C. When people believe that they have no control over their life and are responsible for their own helpless state
(Seligman’s theory of learned helplessness states that depression occurs whenever a person believed that they have no control over their live and believe that they are the cause of their helpless state. This has been revised by others to the attribution-helplessness theory, which states that depression occurs when people, faced with events beyond their control, question themselves, People that attribute it to themselves (internal cause) are more likely to have depression, and people that attribute it to unstable (external) causes are less likely to have depression.
Which of the following is not part of Beck’s cognitive therapy?
A. Cognitive triad
B. Errors in thinking
C. Maladaptive attitudes
D. Social rewards
D. Social rewards
(Beck theorized that there four interrelated cognitive components that, together, produce unipolar depression.
Maladaptive Attitudes
Cognitive Triad - Individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their future in negative ways.
Errors in Thinking - Arbitrary inferences; minimization of a positive outlook and magnification of a negative outlook.
Automatic Thoughts - Unpleasant thoughts that occur often that suggest inadequacy and hopelessness.)
Mania results from improper transport of ions, resulting in neurons that do what?
A. Fail to fire.
B. Fire too easily.
C. Die off.
D. Fire constantly.
B. Fire too easily
(When a neuron is at rest, sodium ions are highly concentrated on the outside of the cell membrane. When a neuron is stimulated by an incoming message, sodium ions travel from the outside of the cell to the inside, causing the neuron to “fire”. Following the firing of the neuron, potassium ions move from the inside of the cell to the outside of the neuron to help return it to its resting state. Functioning normally, ions must travel back and forth between both sides of the membrane.
Research suggests that improper transport of ions across the cell membrane may cause neurons to fire to easily, which leads to mania, or to fail to fire when they stimulated, leading to depression.)
Which of the following is not used as mood-stabilizing drug?
A. Latuda (lurasidone)
B. Zyprexa (olanzapine)
C. Lamictal (lamotrigine)
D. Wellbutrin (bupropion)
D. Wellbutrin (Bupropion)
(Besides lithium, which is very effective in treating bipolar disorders but difficult to use, other drugs have been used as mood stabilizing drugs.
Combination drugs are both a mood stabilizer and an antidepressant.
**Lamictal is an anticonvulsant but is chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsants (broader spectrum).)
What is adjunctive psychotherapy?
A. Combination of mood stabilizing drugs.
B. Combination of psychotherapies.
C. Combination of mood stabilizing drugs and psychotherapy.
D. Combination of psychotherapy and brain stimulation treatments.
C. Combination of mood stabilizing drugs and psychotherapy
(By itself, psychotherapy or medication alone is rarely effective for people with bipolar disorders. However, adjunctive therapy (a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy), is much more useful for those with bipolar disorders.
How is it useful?
Management of medications or improving compliance with medical treatment.
Improving social skills and relationships.
Education for patients and their families.
Assist in solving social and occupational problems that the illness has caused.
Provide social support, decrease feelings of isolation.
What is the result?
Reduces hospitalizations.
Improves social functioning.
Increases ability to obtain and hold a job.)
Esketamine is a drug that increases _ production, which leads to new neural connections and pathways that can lead to positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
A. glutamate
B. norepinephrine
C. dopamine
D. serotonin
A. glutamate
(A nasal spray derivative of ketamine, when esketamine is combined with an oral antidepressant, it can offer relief for those who are medication resistant. Effects can be felt within hours, reducing depression symptoms, and decreasing suicidal ideation.)
Death _ are those that intend to end their lives because they believe that the process of death is already underway.
A. seekers
B. darers
C. initiators
D. ignorers
C. initiators
(Death seekers are those that clearly intend to end their lives.
Death initiators are those that intend to end their lives because they believe that the process of death is already happening.
Death ignorers are those that believe that ending their lives will not mean the end of their existence.
Death darers are those that have ambivalent feelings about death, which is shown in the act itself.)
Which of the following is NOT a treatment goal after a suicide attempt?
A. Reducing psychological pain.
B. Development of better stress management techniques.
C. Learning avoidance techniques.
D. Achieving a non-suicidal state of mind and a sense of hope.
C. Learning avoidance techniques
(Therapy goals after a suicide attempt include keeping the patient alive, reducing their psychological pain, achieving a non-suicidal state of mind, achieving a sense of hope, and developing better ways for the patient to manage their stress.)
The _ nervous system activates our body’s “fight-or-flight” response, while the _ nervous system returns the body’s processes back to normal.
A. parasympathetic; sympathetic
B. central; parasympathetic
C. sympathetic; parasympathetic
D. endocrine; central
C. sympathetic; parasympathetic
(Part of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system work together to control the involuntary activities of our organs.)
_ is a person’s general level of anxiety, while _ is situation and/or threat dependent.
A. Panic disorder; depression
B. Trait anxiety; state anxiety
C. Generalized anxiety disorder; panic disorder
D. State anxiety; trait anxiety
B. Trait anxiety; state anxiety
(A person’s general level of anxiety is known as trait anxiety because it seems to be a characteristic approach that an individual brings into events within their lives. Displayed in our everyday lives in a person’s everyday routine. This biological based or genetically predetermined.
State anxiety is how a person reacts to situations that they perceive as threatening, which varies from person to person. Induced by a situation rather than a daily basis.)
In the HPA pathway, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what stress hormone?
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin
C. Endorphins
D. Serotonin
A. Cortisol
(When a person is faced by stressors, the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing hormone, which is transported by blood stream and signals the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This then stimulates the adrenal cortex, triggering the release of corticosteroids, a group of stress hormones that includes cortisol.)
Abnormal _ activity in the _ is believed to explain panic disorder.
A. serotonin; amygdala
B. GABA; BNST
C. dopamine; hippocampus
D. norepinephrine; locus coeruleus
D. norepinephrine; locus coeruleus
(Initial theories about panic disorder involved abnormal norepinephrine activity in the locus coeruleus, which is part of the panic circuit. The panic circuit includes the amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, central grey matter, and the locus coeruleus. Hyperactivity within this circuit may be inherited.)
Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of specific phobias?
A. Animals
B. Heights
C. Blood/injection/injury
D. Situational
B. Heights
(The four types of specific phobias are animals, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, and situational. Heights would fall under the situational subtype.)
Mower’s 2-factor model of phobia onset includes _.
A. classical and operant conditioning
B. systematic desensitization and operant conditioning
C. flooding and modeling
D. systematic desensitization and classical conditioning
A. Classical and operant conditioning
(Early research studies for classical conditioning (Little Albert) and modeling (Bandura and Rosenthal) indicates that fear can be conditioned, but others say that the disorder is not ordinarily acquired through conditioning/modeling.
Mowrer’s two-factor behavioral model of phobias states that a combination of classical and operant conditioning lead to the development of phobias.
The joint biobehavioral etiological theory states the same, but that certain individuals appear to be biologically programmed to be more hypersensitive or responsive to fear triggers.)
_ are a type of antidepressant that inhibits the brain’s reuptake process, which allows for serotonin and norepinephrine to remain in the synapses longer, increasing stimulation of receiving neurons. However, this type of drug produces significant side effects.
A. MAOIs
B. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
C. Tricyclics
D. Esketamine
C. Tricyclics
(SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors stop or delay the brain from reabsorbing serotonin, meaning there will be more available for use.
SNRIs: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors stop or delay the brain from reabsorbing both serotonin and norepinephrine, meaning that there will be more available for use.
Tricyclics: Same process as SNRIs but produces significant side effects. Easier for a patient to relapse if drug therapy is ended too quickly.
MAOIs: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from removing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain, making these more available for use. Significant side effects, several dietary restrictions, and interactions.)
Which of the following is NOT a stage of General Adaption Syndrome?
A. Exhaustion
B. Resistance
C. Calming effect
D. Positive adjustment
C. Calming effect
( Stage 1: Alarm Reaction (characterized by heightened sympathetic activity, fight-or-flight reaction)
Stage 2: Resistance (endocrine and sympathetic nervous system responses remain high)
Stage 3: Exhaustion (characterized by lowered resistance, increased parasympathetic activity, and physical deterioration.)
Which area of the brain plays a large role in anxiety responses?
A. Locus coeruleus
B. Cingulate cortex
C. Orbitofrontal cortex
D. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)
D. Bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST)
(The BNST is a diverse cluster of neuronal nuclei located within the ventral forebrain. It is interconnected within the hyperactive fear circuit, which also includes the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and the amygdala. Within this circuit, GABA is important.)
What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?
A. Obsessions are thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign, while compulsions are behaviors or acts that feel mandatory/unstoppable.
B. Compulsions are thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign, while obsessions are behaviors or acts that feel mandatory/unstoppable.
C. Obsessions involve cleaning and checking, while compulsions involve destruction.
D. Ignoring compulsions triggers anxiety, while ignoring obsessions reduces anxiety.
A. Obsessions are thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign, while compulsions are behaviors or acts that feel mandatory/unstoppable.
(Obsessions are thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign and attempts to ignore or resist them triggers anxiety. Compulsions are voluntary behaviors or mental acts that feel to the person as though they are mandatory and unstoppable. Performing these behaviors reduces anxiety for a short time, and often turns in to rituals.)
Which of the following is not a basic theme of obsessions?
A. Sexuality
B. Touching/verbalizing
C. Dirt/germs
D. Religion
B. Touching/verbalizing
(Common Obsession Themes: Dirt/germs (contamination), violence and aggression (destruction), orderliness, religion, sexuality.
Common Compulsion Themes: Cleaning, checking, order/balance, touching/verbalizing/counting)
Which type of medication is most useful for those with anxiety disorders?
A. Mood stabilizers
B. Lithium
C. Anti-anxiety medications
D. Antidepressants
D. Antidepressants
(Antidepressant medications and their actions on serotonin/norepinephrine are thought to be more effective for long-term treatment of anxiety. Anti-anxiety medications are more frequently prescribed for short-term use and addictive.)
