Exam 2 A&P Flashcards
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheet of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Which cells can be activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells?
Cytotoxic T & Natural Killer (NK) Cells
ESSAY: What is malt? What role does it play in the body’s defenses?
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) consists of aggregated lymphoid nodules deep to the mucosa of the digestive system. These lymphocytes are positioned to detect and neutralize pathogens to enter the body across the digestive mucosa.
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by:
Specific Immunity
Which cells produce anitbodies?
plasma cells
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.
___ cells provide cell-mediated immunity:
CD8 T
Areas of the spleen that. contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as:
White pulp
What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph?
A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.
S.A.: list and briefly describe the four general properties of immunity
- Specificity: the immune response is triggered by a specific antigen and defends against against only that antigen. 2. Versatility: The immune system can differentiate among hundred of millions of antigens that it might encounter during a normal life time. 3. Memory: the immune response following the second exposure to a particular antigen is stronger and lasts longer than before. 4. Tolerance: Some antigens do not elicit an immune response.
What are the function of the spleen?
Filter out abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis, storing iron recycled from the red blood cells, and initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in the blood stream.
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n):
antigen
Define antigenic determinant site
An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds.
immunoglobulins that attack to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Autoantibodies are
Directed against the body’s own antigens
immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called __ immunity
innate
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
How do NK cells detect cancer cells?
NK cells recognize cancer cells by the abnormally large size cancerous cells become.
Define immune surveillance
Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n):
CD4
Essay: Describe antigen presesntation:
Antigen presentation occurs when an antigen-glycoprotein, or antigen MGC protein, combination capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane. T cells sensitive to this antigen are activated if they contact the antigen on the plasma membrane of the antigen-presenting cell.
Essay: List and briefly describe the components of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of (1) lymph, a fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins; (2) a network of lymphatic vessels, often called lymphatics, which begin in peripheral tissues and end at connections to veins; (3) an array of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus scattered throughout the body; and (4) lymphocytes and smaller numbers of phagocytes and other cells such as dendritic cells. The lymphatic system is organized to provide specific defenses against a wide array of biological hazards and diseases.
Figure 20-1: Identify the structure labeled “1”.
Efferent lymphatic
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens-
Produce a fever
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the-
Thymus
What is the effect of histamine release?
Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area
Figure 20-1: Identify the dominant cell type in the are labeled “2.”
B cells
What is anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is an immune response to a circulating antigen that stimulates mast cells throughout the body to release chemicals that prompt the inflammatory response.
Which T cells contain CD8 markers? CD4 markers?
CD8 markers are found of all helper T cells; CD4 markers are found of cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells
Lymphocyte production does not occur in:
the liver
Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen
bone marrow
Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes:
e
Define opsonization
Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.
The merging of ___ forms the right lymphatic duct
The right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
the role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except:
phagocytosis
nonspecific defenses would not include
antibodies
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
B cells
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The primary function of the lymphatic system is:
Defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.