Exam 2 A&P Flashcards
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheet of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Which cells can be activated by direct contact with virus-infected cells?
Cytotoxic T & Natural Killer (NK) Cells
ESSAY: What is malt? What role does it play in the body’s defenses?
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) consists of aggregated lymphoid nodules deep to the mucosa of the digestive system. These lymphocytes are positioned to detect and neutralize pathogens to enter the body across the digestive mucosa.
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by:
Specific Immunity
Which cells produce anitbodies?
plasma cells
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity:
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.
___ cells provide cell-mediated immunity:
CD8 T
Areas of the spleen that. contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as:
White pulp
What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph?
A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.
S.A.: list and briefly describe the four general properties of immunity
- Specificity: the immune response is triggered by a specific antigen and defends against against only that antigen. 2. Versatility: The immune system can differentiate among hundred of millions of antigens that it might encounter during a normal life time. 3. Memory: the immune response following the second exposure to a particular antigen is stronger and lasts longer than before. 4. Tolerance: Some antigens do not elicit an immune response.
What are the function of the spleen?
Filter out abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis, storing iron recycled from the red blood cells, and initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in the blood stream.
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n):
antigen
Define antigenic determinant site
An antigenic determinant site is the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds.
immunoglobulins that attack to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Autoantibodies are
Directed against the body’s own antigens
immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called __ immunity
innate
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
How do NK cells detect cancer cells?
NK cells recognize cancer cells by the abnormally large size cancerous cells become.
Define immune surveillance
Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n):
CD4
Essay: Describe antigen presesntation:
Antigen presentation occurs when an antigen-glycoprotein, or antigen MGC protein, combination capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane. T cells sensitive to this antigen are activated if they contact the antigen on the plasma membrane of the antigen-presenting cell.
Essay: List and briefly describe the components of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of (1) lymph, a fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins; (2) a network of lymphatic vessels, often called lymphatics, which begin in peripheral tissues and end at connections to veins; (3) an array of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus scattered throughout the body; and (4) lymphocytes and smaller numbers of phagocytes and other cells such as dendritic cells. The lymphatic system is organized to provide specific defenses against a wide array of biological hazards and diseases.
Figure 20-1: Identify the structure labeled “1”.
Efferent lymphatic
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens-
Produce a fever
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the-
Thymus
What is the effect of histamine release?
Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area
Figure 20-1: Identify the dominant cell type in the are labeled “2.”
B cells
What is anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is an immune response to a circulating antigen that stimulates mast cells throughout the body to release chemicals that prompt the inflammatory response.
Which T cells contain CD8 markers? CD4 markers?
CD8 markers are found of all helper T cells; CD4 markers are found of cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells
Lymphocyte production does not occur in:
the liver
Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen
bone marrow
Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes:
e
Define opsonization
Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.
The merging of ___ forms the right lymphatic duct
The right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
the role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except:
phagocytosis
nonspecific defenses would not include
antibodies
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
B cells
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The primary function of the lymphatic system is:
Defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the
antigen binding site
Blood from the dorsal venous arches drains into the ___ vein(s).
small saphenous and great saphenous
Essay: Briefly describe general patterns of blood vessel organization.
(1) The peripheral distributions of arteries and veins on the body’s left and right side are generally identical, except near the heart, where the largest vessels connect to the atria or ventricles. (2) A single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries, making accurate anatomical descriptions possible, and (3) tissues and organ are usually serviced by several arteries and veins.
All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except.
When there are sudden changes in vessel diameter.
Major branches of the right subclavian artery include the ___ arteries.
Internal thoracic and vertebral
Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following except the ___ arteries.
basilar
Which vessel collect most of the venous blood inferior to the diaphragm?
inferior vena cava
What is the order in which fetal blood would pass through the following structures after leaving the heart?
1. Pulmonary trunk
2. Foramen ovale
3. umbilical arteries
4. umbilical vein
5. ductus venosus
6. Right atrium
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2,
(Pulmonary trunk, umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, right atrium, foramen ovale)
All of the veins listed are deep veins except
Cephalic
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is the
celiac trunk
The __ vein is a superficial vein that ascends along the radial side of the forearm.
cephalic
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is:
epinephrine
Figure 19-1: Identify the vein labeled “9”
brachial
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
The __ veins receives all the venous blood from the kidney.
renal
The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ___ arteries
ulnar
A blood clot that blocs the popliteal vein would interfere with blood flow in which other veins?
tibial and fibular veins and the small saphenous vein
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except:
release on renin
Describe the systemic circuit
The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium
Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Essay: Compare the structure and function of the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries are used to distribute oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. They have a narrower tunica intima but a larger tunica media because the smooth muscle, elastic fibers, and collagen fibers help endure the blood pressure.
Veins are used to collect waste and deoxygenated blood and bring it back to the right atrium. Veins have a larger tunica intima because they have less smooth muscle and are thus more easily collapsable. They also contain valves to help transport blood.
Capillaries connect arteries and veins and serve as the site of exchange of nutrients and waste. The capillary bed is promotes perfusion and are thus have extremely thin walls.
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to
pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide
the most common congenital heart defect is:
ventricular septal defect
Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors?
heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure.
Figure 19-2: Identify the artery labeled “12”
celiac trunk
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it. can occur only in
capillaries
Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels.
Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, afferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, and exchange vessels exchange nutrient, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid.
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body-
accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys, increases water intake, experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure, and experiences a recall of interstitial fluids
After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ___ artery:
brachial
The ___ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.d
superior mesenteric vein
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the:
superior mesenteric artery
Each of the following changes will result in increased in blood flow to a tissue except
increased vessel diameter
The fetal cardinal veins later form the adult
superior and inferior vena cavae
What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
a
Essay: Identify the six structures that are vital to fetal circulation but cease to function at birth, and describe what becomes of these structures.
The six structures vital to fetal circulation are two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus. After birth, the foramen ovale closes and persists as the fossa ovalis, a shallow despression; the ductus arteriosus persists as the ligamentum arteriosum, a fibrous cord; and the umbilical vessels and ductus venosus persist throughout life as fibrous cords.
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.
The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the
Internal elastic membrane
At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the ___ vein
Femoral
Identify the arteries labeled “9”
Common carotid
At the level of the first rib the axillary vein becomes the ___ vein
Subclavian
Angiogenesis refers to:
The growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?
An increase in vessel diameter
Name three branches of the internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic, anterior cerebral, and Middle cerebral arteries
Describe the pulmonary circuit
The pulmonary circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium
Wy are valves located in veins but not in arteries?
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
The net filtration pressure is usually zero
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the:
arteriole
Edema is not favored when-
Interstitial fluid movement increases.
the radial and ulnar veins fuse to form the __vein
Brachial
List the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the visceral organs
Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric and Inferior mesenteric artery
Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except
an increase in cardiac output
Essay: Compare a ventricular septal defect with tetralogy of Fallot.
Ventricular septal defects are abnormal openings between the left and right ventricles. Tetralogy of Fallot includes a ventricular septal defect plus three other heart defects: a narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, a displaced aorta, and an enlarged right ventricle with corresponding thickening right and left ventricles.
Figure 19-2: Identify the artery labeled “6”
Common iliac
Identify the largest artery in the obdy
Aorta
ESSAY: Identify the conditions that would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces.
Any condition that affects either blood pressure or osmotic pressure in the blood or tissues will shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces.
The ___ divides the aorta into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta.
Diaphragm
The ___ vein is formed by the fusion of the greater saphenous vein, femoral vein, and deep femoral vein.
external iliac
Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
Parasympathetic innervation
