Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
where do plants gets their mass
A
air and CO2
2
Q
what organisms have the largest carbon mass
A
plants
3
Q
what are the largest marine environment carbon producers
A
protists
4
Q
what happens in the light dependent reactions of photsynthesis
A
capture and store solar energy in ATP and NADPH
h2o is split
5
Q
how is water split during light dependent reactions
A
photolysis
6
Q
how does oxygen leave the plant
A
via the stomata
7
Q
what happens during the calvin cycle
A
atmospheric carbon is fixed to glucose
energy is stored in glucose
8
Q
what enzyme is important in the calvin cycle
A
ribulose bisphosphate
9
Q
what pathway is an adaption for a dry environment
A
C4 pathway
10
Q
what are the steps in the C4 pathway
A
- carbon is fixed in mesophyll cells using PEP
- Processed and becomes 4 Carbon: oxaloacetate
- oxaloacetate is converted to malate in the bundle sheath cells
- malate is decarboxylated and CO2 enters the bundle sheath
11
Q
what enzymes allow plants to avoid photorespiration using the C4 pathways
A
PEP
12
Q
what happens to O2 levels when the stomata is closed? CO2?
A
increases
decreases
13
Q
where does the calvin cycle happen
A
bundle sheath cells
14
Q
what photosynthesis pathway is used in uber dry environments
A
CAM photosynthesis
15
Q
do plants who use CAM photosynthesis have bundle sheath cells? how do they separate carbon fixation and the calvin cycle
A
no
temporal separation w/in the cell
16
Q
what happens during nighttime in CAM photosynthesis plants
A
stomata are open and CO2 can enter
CO2 is stored as malic acid in vacuoles of mesophyll cells
17
Q
what happens during daytime in CAM photosynthesis plants
A
stomata are closed
CO2 is released from malic acid and enters cytosol for photosynthesis
18
Q
_____ grasses dominate tropical and subtropical grasslands, ____ grasses dominate in cooler temps, ____ plant dominate arid environments
A
C4
C3
CAM
19
Q
__ plants increases as you move south
A
C4
20
Q
how do stomata open (3 steps)
A
- K+ pumped into guard cell vacuole
- H2O enters vacuoles
- cells become turgid
21
Q
how do stomata close (3 steps)
A
- K+ is pumped out of guard cells
- H2O flows out of cells
- cells became flaccid
22
Q
what are the 3 functions of leaves
A
solar collector
CO2 absorption
transpiration
23
Q
modified spines
A
stipules
24
Q
what are the 2 leaf types
A
compound and simple
25
what are the two vein types found in plants and to which plant do the belong (ie dicot vs monocot)
netted in dicot
| parallel in monocot
26
formed by hydrophobic cutin to maintain h20
cuticle
27
long & narrow cells without a lot of intracellular space
pallisade
28
what cells make up the mesophyll cells in monocots?
| dicots
spongy
| pallisade and spongy
29
what are the two mesophyll arrangements
horizontal
| vertical
30
pallisade layer is always on top
horizontal leaf mesophyll arrangement
31
2 pallisade layers w/ spongy cells in the middle
vertical leaf mesophyll arrangement
32
How is the cutin in these environments:
dry environments
mesic environements
submerged
thick
medium
nonexistent
33
what are the 4 functions of trichomes
defense against herbivores
reflect light to cool leaf
decrease evaporation
capture prey
34
why are trichomes found on the bottoms of leaves sometimes
minimize total water loss
35
how are guard cells shaped in grasses
dumbells
36
how are guard cells normally shaped
kidney beans
37
Describe stomata arrangement:
1. horizontal
2. vertical
3. floating horizontal
4. aquatic
1. found on lower surface
2. lower and upper surface
3. upper surface
4. no stomata
38
what are the 4 functions of soil
anchors plants
medium for plant growth
provides h2o and minerals
habitat for symbionts
39
What type of rock is this:
| formed through cooling and solidification of magma or lava
igneous rock
40
What type of rock is this:
| forms when rock is subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot-mineral rich h2o, or combination
metamorphic rock
41
What type of rock is this:
| formed by accumulation or deposition of small particles that cement in layers
sedimentary rock
42
igneous rock examples (2)
granite
| basalt
43
metamorphic rock examples (2)
marble
| slate
44
sedimentary rock examples (2)
sandstone
| limestone
45
process that breaks down rock via glaciers, wind, rain, temperature and/or freeze-thaw cycle that leads to soil formation
weathering
46
what are four characteristics that define rocks
crystalline structure
impurities trapped in crystal matrix
elements released into soil solution
weathering
47
which organisms are the first to colonize bare rock
lichen
48
explain chemical weathering
plants respire and release CO2 and water (carbonic acid) which breaks down rocks which alters soil chemistry
49
smallest size particle that has a negative charge
clay
50
largest size soil particle
sand
51
middle sized soil particle
silt
52
what kind of ions does clay attract and are the weakly or strongly bonded
cations
| weakly
53
are there a lot of anions in the soil
| why
no
| washed away by the rain
54
Which horizon is this:
fallen leaves (litter)
few centimetres thick
O horizon
55
```
Which horizon is this:
topsoil
10-30 cm thick
10-15 organic material
dark soil
```
A horizon
56
```
Which horizon is this:
subsoil
30-60 cm thick
little organic material
light colored soil
accumulated minerals
```
B horizon
57
Which horizon is this:
extends to bedrock
lacks organic material
partially/unaltered rock fragments
C horizon
58
in which horizon do plants grow best
| why
C horizon
| lots of minerals and good source of h2o
59
what are the 5 soil components
| which accounts for the lgst portion of soil
mineral particles, air, water, humus, living organisms
| mineral particles
60
large spaces
rapid gas diffusion
holds water poorly
sand
61
small spaces
poor gas diffusion
holds water in capillary spaces
clay
62
what is the best soil type because it is an equal mix of sand, clay, and silt
loam
63
decaying organic material
humus
64
what are the four functions of humus
increase water holding capacity
increases cation exchange capacity
aerates the soil
reservoir of nutrients
65
does humus have a positive or negative charge
negative
66
how is humus replenished
leaf litter in the O horizon
| animal waste
67
how is water found in nature (2 forms)
| which do plants prefer
chemically bound & unbound
| unbound
68
water locked into mineral crystals
| hydrated to surface of clay-dry soil
chemically bound
69
dissolved nutrients
unbound
70
how is water held in place
adhesion and cohesion
71
what happens to water in macropore space
| micropore?
water drains away
| goes to plants
72
which organism is known to mix, aerate, and refine soil
earthworms
73
what are 5 ways living organisms effect soil
```
mix, aerate, refine soil
add humus to soil
add CO2 through respiration
affect nutrient availability
make soil inhospitable
```
74
what is the result of adding CO2 to soil
lower pH and increase nutrient availability
75
liberate phosphate from mineral particles
phosphotases
76
inhibit plant growth
terpenoids
77
release of allelochemicals that can have a positive or negative effect on other organisms in terms of growth, germination, survival, and/or reproduction
allelopathy
78
what are the 2 types of nutrients and in what quantities are they needed
macro -lg amts
| micro- sm amts
79
what are some of the known macronutrients
```
nitrogen
potassium
calcium
phosphorous
magnesium
sulphur
```
80
what 2 macro nutrients make chlorophyl
magnesium
| nitrogen
81
list micronutrients
iron
chlorine
copper
boron
82
why does farmed soil need fertilizer
to replace minerals lost from leaching and crop production
83
```
larger than typical bacteria
gram negative
mucilaginous sheath
closed loop DNA
extensive thylakoid system
lack flagella
```
cyanobacteria
84
how do cyanobacteria stay afloat
buoyancy vesicles
85
what are three cellular makeups of cyanobacteria
unicellular
colonial
filamentous
86
how do cyanobacteria move
using pili along polysaccharide tracks
87
how do cyanobacteria reproduce
| is there spindle formation
asexually via binary fission
| no
88
how do cyanobacteria deal with environmental stress
forming spores
89
thick walled spores resistant to desiccation and freezing
akinetes
90
which organisms were the first to split h2o and release O2
cyanobacteria
91
what element most abundant in the atmosphere?
| is it available to plants? why?
nitrogen
| no because very little is available for use in soil and water
92
is nitrogen inert
how money bonds does it have
how much energy is required to break this bond
yes
three
a lot
93
what three products all contain nitrogen
proteins
nucleic acids
chlorophyll
94
what do yellow leaves mean
low nitrogen in the soil
95
can animals use ammonia and ammonium
| where do they get their nitrogen
no
| protein
96
where do we get essential amino acids
| nonessential amino acids?
from diet
| we make ourselves
97
what is the best combination of plants to eat if you don't eat meat
legumes and grains
98
what three ways to plants get nitrogen
soil
symbionts
eating insects
99
what symbionts help plants access nitrogen
| what enzyme do they use
cyanobacteria & rhizobia
| nitrogenase
100
what organelles found in cyanobacteria are used for ammonium fixation in ammonium lacking environments
heterocysts
101
polymer of aspartic acid and one molecule of arginine found in cytoplasm
cyanophycin granules
102
can cyanophycin be depolymerized
yes
103
what type of symbiosis exists between cyanobacteria and plants
mutualism
104
what cyanobacteria and plant have a known mutualistic relationship
anabaena azollae and azolla
105
what organism is used as green manure to fertilize rice fields with nitrogen
azolla (fern)
106
what accessory pigments are found in prochlorobacteria
chlorophyll b and carotenoids
107
prochlorobacteria are considered ancestors of plant chloroplasts because they share pigment characteristics
true
108
in what organism were prochloron first found in
sea squirt
109
what is the study of fungi
mycology
110
when did fungi split from plants
1.6 billion years ago
111
what fungi was dominant during the late silurian period that are now extinct
prototaxites
112
what domain are fungi in
eukarya
113
export hydrolytic enzymes to break down biopolymers for absorption
non motile bodies
non motile spores
cell wall made of chitin and glucans
fungi
114
what are the 5 fungi phyla
```
basidiomycota
ascomycota
glomeromycota
zygomycota
chytridomycota
```
115
what does the greek word askos mean?
| mykes?
sac
| mushroom
116
```
sac fungi
75% of described fungi
multicellular and unicellular
filamentous hyphae
septate
haploid
```
ascomycota
117
body of the fungus
myecelium
118
do fungi have female and male strains?
what are the strains
are they monokaryotic or dikaryotic
no
positive and negative
monokaryotic
119
what is the fruiting body of the ascomycota called
| is it monokaryotic or dikaryotic
ascocarp
| both
120
where is the zygote formed in ascomycota
asci
121
what are four examples of ascomycota
morchella esculenta
truffles
yeast
penicillin
122
what does the greek word basidion mean
base or pedestal
123
known as club fungi
multicellular and unicellular
filamentous hyphae
haploid
basidiomycota
124
which three phyla are sister taxa
basidiomycota
glomeromycota
ascomycota
125
what is the fruiting body of a basidiomycota
basisiocarp
| mushroom
126
```
Define these terms:
gondwana
agarikon
ites
magnificus
```
ancient supercontinent
mushroom
fossil
magnificent
127
what species is the oldest phylum mushroom from
basidiomycota
128
what are the 3 parts of a mushroom
stalk
gills
pileus
129
what type of insect does phallus rubicundus attract and why
attracts flies
| smells like rotting flesh
130
are lion's mane mushroom edible
yes
131
what three mushrooms arise from agaricus bisporus
button
cremini
portobello
132
which phylum of fungi is an obligate symbiotic fungi that reproduces asexually with multinucleate glomerospores
glomeromycota
133
arbuscular mycorrhizae
colonize/ grow within plant roots
134
which two fungi phylum have non-septate hyphae
glomeromycota
| zygomycota
135
when was the ordovician period
484.4 million years ago
136
what do plants provide fungus in a symbiotic rel.
| fungi to plants?
sugars/carbon
| phosphate
137
tree shaped extension with a large surface area necessary for efficient nutrient exchange
arbuscles
138
what are the storage organs in root cells called
vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
139
how do fungi grow inside of plants
penetrate roots cells cortex but not the cell membrane
140
which glomeromycota forms a relationship with cyanobacteria Nostoc instead of a plant
geosiphon pyriformis
141
why is there a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and glomeromycota
phosphate limitation
142
which plant from the early Devonian period had no roots or leaves and only rhizoids and was considered a sporocyte
aglaophyton
143
what does the greek word zygon mean
yoke
144
are the spores of fungi motile
No except for chytidiomycota
145
rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is an example of the fungi phylum ______
zygomycota
146
what does the greek word chytridion mean
little pot
147
has flagella
mainly aquatic
cell wall is chitin and cellulose
can be parasitic
chytridiomycota
148
what is chytridiomycosis of amphibians
skin disease that causes skin dysfunction by fungi called BD
