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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where do plants gets their mass

A

air and CO2

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2
Q

what organisms have the largest carbon mass

A

plants

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3
Q

what are the largest marine environment carbon producers

A

protists

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4
Q

what happens in the light dependent reactions of photsynthesis

A

capture and store solar energy in ATP and NADPH

h2o is split

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5
Q

how is water split during light dependent reactions

A

photolysis

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6
Q

how does oxygen leave the plant

A

via the stomata

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7
Q

what happens during the calvin cycle

A

atmospheric carbon is fixed to glucose

energy is stored in glucose

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8
Q

what enzyme is important in the calvin cycle

A

ribulose bisphosphate

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9
Q

what pathway is an adaption for a dry environment

A

C4 pathway

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10
Q

what are the steps in the C4 pathway

A
  1. carbon is fixed in mesophyll cells using PEP
  2. Processed and becomes 4 Carbon: oxaloacetate
  3. oxaloacetate is converted to malate in the bundle sheath cells
  4. malate is decarboxylated and CO2 enters the bundle sheath
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11
Q

what enzymes allow plants to avoid photorespiration using the C4 pathways

A

PEP

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12
Q

what happens to O2 levels when the stomata is closed? CO2?

A

increases

decreases

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13
Q

where does the calvin cycle happen

A

bundle sheath cells

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14
Q

what photosynthesis pathway is used in uber dry environments

A

CAM photosynthesis

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15
Q

do plants who use CAM photosynthesis have bundle sheath cells? how do they separate carbon fixation and the calvin cycle

A

no

temporal separation w/in the cell

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16
Q

what happens during nighttime in CAM photosynthesis plants

A

stomata are open and CO2 can enter

CO2 is stored as malic acid in vacuoles of mesophyll cells

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17
Q

what happens during daytime in CAM photosynthesis plants

A

stomata are closed

CO2 is released from malic acid and enters cytosol for photosynthesis

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18
Q

_____ grasses dominate tropical and subtropical grasslands, ____ grasses dominate in cooler temps, ____ plant dominate arid environments

A

C4
C3
CAM

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19
Q

__ plants increases as you move south

A

C4

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20
Q

how do stomata open (3 steps)

A
  1. K+ pumped into guard cell vacuole
  2. H2O enters vacuoles
  3. cells become turgid
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21
Q

how do stomata close (3 steps)

A
  1. K+ is pumped out of guard cells
  2. H2O flows out of cells
  3. cells became flaccid
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22
Q

what are the 3 functions of leaves

A

solar collector
CO2 absorption
transpiration

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23
Q

modified spines

A

stipules

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24
Q

what are the 2 leaf types

A

compound and simple

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25
Q

what are the two vein types found in plants and to which plant do the belong (ie dicot vs monocot)

A

netted in dicot

parallel in monocot

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26
Q

formed by hydrophobic cutin to maintain h20

A

cuticle

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27
Q

long & narrow cells without a lot of intracellular space

A

pallisade

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28
Q

what cells make up the mesophyll cells in monocots?

dicots

A

spongy

pallisade and spongy

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29
Q

what are the two mesophyll arrangements

A

horizontal

vertical

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30
Q

pallisade layer is always on top

A

horizontal leaf mesophyll arrangement

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31
Q

2 pallisade layers w/ spongy cells in the middle

A

vertical leaf mesophyll arrangement

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32
Q

How is the cutin in these environments:
dry environments
mesic environements
submerged

A

thick
medium
nonexistent

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33
Q

what are the 4 functions of trichomes

A

defense against herbivores
reflect light to cool leaf
decrease evaporation
capture prey

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34
Q

why are trichomes found on the bottoms of leaves sometimes

A

minimize total water loss

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35
Q

how are guard cells shaped in grasses

A

dumbells

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36
Q

how are guard cells normally shaped

A

kidney beans

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37
Q

Describe stomata arrangement:

  1. horizontal
  2. vertical
  3. floating horizontal
  4. aquatic
A
  1. found on lower surface
  2. lower and upper surface
  3. upper surface
  4. no stomata
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38
Q

what are the 4 functions of soil

A

anchors plants
medium for plant growth
provides h2o and minerals
habitat for symbionts

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39
Q

What type of rock is this:

formed through cooling and solidification of magma or lava

A

igneous rock

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40
Q

What type of rock is this:

forms when rock is subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot-mineral rich h2o, or combination

A

metamorphic rock

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41
Q

What type of rock is this:

formed by accumulation or deposition of small particles that cement in layers

A

sedimentary rock

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42
Q

igneous rock examples (2)

A

granite

basalt

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43
Q

metamorphic rock examples (2)

A

marble

slate

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44
Q

sedimentary rock examples (2)

A

sandstone

limestone

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45
Q

process that breaks down rock via glaciers, wind, rain, temperature and/or freeze-thaw cycle that leads to soil formation

A

weathering

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46
Q

what are four characteristics that define rocks

A

crystalline structure
impurities trapped in crystal matrix
elements released into soil solution
weathering

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47
Q

which organisms are the first to colonize bare rock

A

lichen

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48
Q

explain chemical weathering

A

plants respire and release CO2 and water (carbonic acid) which breaks down rocks which alters soil chemistry

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49
Q

smallest size particle that has a negative charge

A

clay

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50
Q

largest size soil particle

A

sand

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51
Q

middle sized soil particle

A

silt

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52
Q

what kind of ions does clay attract and are the weakly or strongly bonded

A

cations

weakly

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53
Q

are there a lot of anions in the soil

why

A

no

washed away by the rain

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54
Q

Which horizon is this:
fallen leaves (litter)
few centimetres thick

A

O horizon

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55
Q 
Which horizon is this:
topsoil
10-30 cm thick
10-15 organic material 
dark soil
A

A horizon

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56
Q 
Which horizon is this:
subsoil 
30-60 cm  thick
little organic material 
light colored soil
accumulated minerals
A

B horizon

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57
Q

Which horizon is this:
extends to bedrock
lacks organic material
partially/unaltered rock fragments

A

C horizon

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58
Q

in which horizon do plants grow best

why

A

C horizon

lots of minerals and good source of h2o

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59
Q

what are the 5 soil components

which accounts for the lgst portion of soil

A

mineral particles, air, water, humus, living organisms

mineral particles

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60
Q

large spaces
rapid gas diffusion
holds water poorly

61
Q

small spaces
poor gas diffusion
holds water in capillary spaces

62
Q

what is the best soil type because it is an equal mix of sand, clay, and silt

63
Q

decaying organic material

64
Q

what are the four functions of humus

A

increase water holding capacity
increases cation exchange capacity
aerates the soil
reservoir of nutrients

65
Q

does humus have a positive or negative charge

66
Q

how is humus replenished

A

leaf litter in the O horizon

animal waste

67
Q

how is water found in nature (2 forms)

which do plants prefer

A

chemically bound & unbound

unbound

68
Q

water locked into mineral crystals

hydrated to surface of clay-dry soil

A

chemically bound

69
Q

dissolved nutrients

70
Q

how is water held in place

A

adhesion and cohesion

71
Q

what happens to water in macropore space

micropore?

A

water drains away

goes to plants

72
Q

which organism is known to mix, aerate, and refine soil

A

earthworms

73
Q

what are 5 ways living organisms effect soil

A 
mix, aerate, refine soil
add humus to soil 
add CO2 through respiration
affect nutrient availability 
make soil inhospitable
74
Q

what is the result of adding CO2 to soil

A

lower pH and increase nutrient availability

75
Q

liberate phosphate from mineral particles

A

phosphotases

76
Q

inhibit plant growth

A

terpenoids

77
Q

release of allelochemicals that can have a positive or negative effect on other organisms in terms of growth, germination, survival, and/or reproduction

A

allelopathy

78
Q

what are the 2 types of nutrients and in what quantities are they needed

A

macro -lg amts

micro- sm amts

79
Q

what are some of the known macronutrients

A 
nitrogen 
potassium
calcium
phosphorous 
magnesium 
sulphur
80
Q

what 2 macro nutrients make chlorophyl

A

magnesium

nitrogen

81
Q

list micronutrients

A

iron
chlorine
copper
boron

82
Q

why does farmed soil need fertilizer

A

to replace minerals lost from leaching and crop production

83
Q 
larger than typical bacteria
gram negative
mucilaginous sheath
closed loop DNA
extensive thylakoid system
lack flagella
A

cyanobacteria

84
Q

how do cyanobacteria stay afloat

A

buoyancy vesicles

85
Q

what are three cellular makeups of cyanobacteria

A

unicellular
colonial
filamentous

86
Q

how do cyanobacteria move

A

using pili along polysaccharide tracks

87
Q

how do cyanobacteria reproduce

is there spindle formation

A

asexually via binary fission

no

88
Q

how do cyanobacteria deal with environmental stress

A

forming spores

89
Q

thick walled spores resistant to desiccation and freezing

90
Q

which organisms were the first to split h2o and release O2

A

cyanobacteria

91
Q

what element most abundant in the atmosphere?

is it available to plants? why?

A

nitrogen

no because very little is available for use in soil and water

92
Q

is nitrogen inert
how money bonds does it have
how much energy is required to break this bond

A

yes
three
a lot

93
Q

what three products all contain nitrogen

A

proteins
nucleic acids
chlorophyll

94
Q

what do yellow leaves mean

A

low nitrogen in the soil

95
Q

can animals use ammonia and ammonium

where do they get their nitrogen

A

no

protein

96
Q

where do we get essential amino acids

nonessential amino acids?

A

from diet

we make ourselves

97
Q

what is the best combination of plants to eat if you don’t eat meat

A

legumes and grains

98
Q

what three ways to plants get nitrogen

A

soil
symbionts
eating insects

99
Q

what symbionts help plants access nitrogen

what enzyme do they use

A

cyanobacteria & rhizobia

nitrogenase

100
Q

what organelles found in cyanobacteria are used for ammonium fixation in ammonium lacking environments

A

heterocysts

101
Q

polymer of aspartic acid and one molecule of arginine found in cytoplasm

A

cyanophycin granules

102
Q

can cyanophycin be depolymerized

103
Q

what type of symbiosis exists between cyanobacteria and plants

104
Q

what cyanobacteria and plant have a known mutualistic relationship

A

anabaena azollae and azolla

105
Q

what organism is used as green manure to fertilize rice fields with nitrogen

A

azolla (fern)

106
Q

what accessory pigments are found in prochlorobacteria

A

chlorophyll b and carotenoids

107
Q

prochlorobacteria are considered ancestors of plant chloroplasts because they share pigment characteristics

108
Q

in what organism were prochloron first found in

A

sea squirt

109
Q

what is the study of fungi

110
Q

when did fungi split from plants

A

1.6 billion years ago

111
Q

what fungi was dominant during the late silurian period that are now extinct

A

prototaxites

112
Q

what domain are fungi in

113
Q

export hydrolytic enzymes to break down biopolymers for absorption
non motile bodies
non motile spores
cell wall made of chitin and glucans

114
Q

what are the 5 fungi phyla

A 
basidiomycota
ascomycota
glomeromycota
zygomycota
chytridomycota
115
Q

what does the greek word askos mean?

mykes?

A

sac

mushroom

116
Q 
sac fungi
75% of described fungi
multicellular and unicellular 
filamentous hyphae
septate
haploid
A

ascomycota

117
Q

body of the fungus

118
Q

do fungi have female and male strains?
what are the strains
are they monokaryotic or dikaryotic

A

no
positive and negative
monokaryotic

119
Q

what is the fruiting body of the ascomycota called

is it monokaryotic or dikaryotic

A

ascocarp

both

120
Q

where is the zygote formed in ascomycota

121
Q

what are four examples of ascomycota

A

morchella esculenta
truffles
yeast
penicillin

122
Q

what does the greek word basidion mean

A

base or pedestal

123
Q

known as club fungi
multicellular and unicellular
filamentous hyphae
haploid

A

basidiomycota

124
Q

which three phyla are sister taxa

A

basidiomycota
glomeromycota
ascomycota

125
Q

what is the fruiting body of a basidiomycota

A

basisiocarp

mushroom

126
Q 
Define these terms:
gondwana
agarikon
ites
magnificus
A

ancient supercontinent
mushroom
fossil
magnificent

127
Q

what species is the oldest phylum mushroom from

A

basidiomycota

128
Q

what are the 3 parts of a mushroom

A

stalk
gills
pileus

129
Q

what type of insect does phallus rubicundus attract and why

A

attracts flies

smells like rotting flesh

130
Q

are lion’s mane mushroom edible

131
Q

what three mushrooms arise from agaricus bisporus

A

button
cremini
portobello

132
Q

which phylum of fungi is an obligate symbiotic fungi that reproduces asexually with multinucleate glomerospores

A

glomeromycota

133
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

colonize/ grow within plant roots

134
Q

which two fungi phylum have non-septate hyphae

A

glomeromycota

zygomycota

135
Q

when was the ordovician period

A

484.4 million years ago

136
Q

what do plants provide fungus in a symbiotic rel.

fungi to plants?

A

sugars/carbon

phosphate

137
Q

tree shaped extension with a large surface area necessary for efficient nutrient exchange

138
Q

what are the storage organs in root cells called

A

vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae

139
Q

how do fungi grow inside of plants

A

penetrate roots cells cortex but not the cell membrane

140
Q

which glomeromycota forms a relationship with cyanobacteria Nostoc instead of a plant

A

geosiphon pyriformis

141
Q

why is there a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and glomeromycota

A

phosphate limitation

142
Q

which plant from the early Devonian period had no roots or leaves and only rhizoids and was considered a sporocyte

A

aglaophyton

143
Q

what does the greek word zygon mean

144
Q

are the spores of fungi motile

A

No except for chytidiomycota

145
Q

rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is an example of the fungi phylum ______

A

zygomycota

146
Q

what does the greek word chytridion mean

A

little pot

147
Q

has flagella
mainly aquatic
cell wall is chitin and cellulose
can be parasitic

A

chytridiomycota

148
Q

what is chytridiomycosis of amphibians

A

skin disease that causes skin dysfunction by fungi called BD

Plant Bio (3 decks)

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