Exam 1 Flashcards
what greek words make up angio sperm
angeion and sperma
what do ageion and sperma mean
receptacle & seed
what phylum are angiosperms in
magnoliaphyta
part of the plant that facilitates reproduction and is found at the end of the stalk (peduncle)
flower
stalk that connects the flower to the plant
peduncle
enlarged tip of the peduncle where the floral organs are attached
receptacle
group of florets on a common axis
inflorescence
spore producing organ
sporangium
gamete producing organ
gametangium
what are the different types of inflorescences
umbel, spike, capitulum
what are the two classes of angiosperm
moncotyledonae & dicotyledonae
root with pith
scattered stem vasculature
parallel veins
floral organs in 3s
moncotyledonae
example of a monocotyledonae
lily, palm, orchid, grass
root with central xylem
ring pattern vasculature
netted veins
floral organs in 4s or 5s
dicotyledonae
example of dicotyledonae
oak, sunflower, roses, cacti
what are the four floral organs
sepals, petals, carpel, stamen
outermost organ that protects the flower
plural: calyx
sepal
organ that attracts pollinators
plural: corolla
petals
male flower organ that produces pollen/sperm
plural: androecium
stamen
what two organs make up the stamen
anther and filament
female flower organ that produces ovule and eggs
plural: gynoecium
carpel
what does the carpel consist of
stigma, style, ovary
complete flower
has all four floral organs
incomplete flower
has three floral organs
perfect flower
has stamen and carpel
imperfect flower
has only stamen or only carpel
pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma via insect, animal, wind, or water vector
a sporophyte is flowering plant
TRUE
are the gametophyte and sporophyte separate in flowering plants
no
what is the seed called
ovule
what is the fruit called
ovary
what is the seed coat called and how many are found in a flowering plant ovule
integument
2
what ploidy is the endosperm
triploid
two main types of fruit
fleshy and dry
types of fleshy fruit
simple and complex
single carpel or several united carpels
derived from a SINGLE flower
subcategory: drupe and berry
simple fleshy fruit
hard stony endocarp
fleshy mesocarp
single seed
ie: avocado & cherry
drupe
fleshy pericarp
many seeds
ie: tomato
berry
what are the three types of modified berries
hesperidium, pepo, pome
leathery pericarp
oil gland
contains family Rutaceae
hesperidium
pericarp is a hard rind
contains family Cucurbitaceae
pepo
fruit wall composed of mostly receptacle tissue
ie: apple
pome
type of fleshy fruit derived from more than one more carpel on a single flower or multiple flower
subgroups: aggregate fruit and multiple fruit
complex fleshy fruit
derived from many carpels on a SINGLE flower
ie: raspberry
aggregate fruit
derived from carpels on MULTIPLE flowers of a single inflorescence
ie: pineapple
multiple fruit
what type of fruit is a strawberry
aggregate accessory fruit
modified multiple fruit derived from a fleshy receptacle from multiple flowers
ie: fig
synconium
two types of dry fruits
dehiscent & indehiscent
what are types of dehiscent fruits and what does it mean? how many seeds are there?
pericarp splits open at maturity
legume, capsule, follicle
more than one
1 carpel
splits along TWO seams
seed attached to one half of split fruit
ie: peas
legume
1 carpel
splits along ONE seam
ie: milkweed
follicle
several carpels
seeds released through multiple seams or pores
ie: opium poppy, lily, iris
capsule
what are the types of indehiscent fruits
how many seeds are there
nut, samara, achene, caryopsis
only one
hard & thick pericarp
cup or bract at base
multiple carpel and all but one degenerate
ie: acorn
nut
single carpel
thin winged pericarp for wind dispersal
ie: maple
samara
single carpel
thin pericarp
seed attached via finniculus
ie: sunflower
achene
single carpel
thin pericarp
testa fused to pericarp
ie: corn
caryopsis
what alkaloids does opium carry
morphine and codeine
describe the testa of a dicot seed (what type of cells is it made of & what does it protect)
what does it develop from
composed on sclerenchyma cells and protects the embryo
integuments
shoot above the cotyledons consisting of the stem and leaves
plumule
term that refers to the stem only
epicotyl
hypocotyl
stem below the cotyledons
tip of the hypocotyl or the embryonic root
radicle
do dicot seeds have endosperm? why or why not
NO, it is broken down and used for nutrients
example of a dicot that has endosperm
castor bean
what toxin is found in castor beans?
what does it do?
ricin
it’s a ribosomal inactivating protein
scar where the funiculus was attached
hilum
small pore at the base of the hilum
micropyle
describe the testa of a monocot seed
fused to the thin pericarp
outside sheath for protecting plumule
coleoptile
protective sheath @ the tip of radicle
coleorhiza
what is the food reserve for dicot seeds
cotyledons
what is the food reserve for monocot seeds
endosperm
what are the three main types of food reserves
starch
lipids
proteins
what organelle is starch found in
is it pigmented
amyloplasts
no
what organelle are lipids found in
is it pigmented
elaioplast
no
what is another pigmented plast (besides chloroplast) and what pigment does it produce
chromoplast
yellow, orange, red
what is our fave banana type and what is killing it
how does it enter and kill the banana
Cavendish Panama disease (tropical race 4--- fungus that gets into the vascular tissue
what stains for lipids… starches
sudan 4
IKI
primary plant body
reproduces via mitosis
gives rise to parenchyma cells
apical meristem
what are the 3 mature types of parenchyma cells
parenchyma
sclerenchyma
collenchyma
what are the two tissue types
simple and complex
simple tissue
only ONE type of cell (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma)
alive at maturity
primary, thin cell wall
most common cell type
many functions including photosynthesis and starch storage
parenchyma
alive at maturity primary, unevenly thick cell wall support growing tissue plastic deformation rare
collenchyma
dead at maturity thin primary wall thick secondary wall lignin supports non growing tissue elastic deformation
sclerenchyma
ligin
found in sclerenchyma
promotes strength
hydrophobic
two types of sclerenchyma
subgroups of the two types
non transport: sclereids and fibers
transport: vessel elements & tracheids
what is the sclereids’ function
make up the seed coat used for protection
what is the fibers’ function
protection and support
more than one cell type
xylem
phloem
epidermis
complex tissue
- what two cell types make up the xylem
- which cell type makes up the vessel elements that transports minerals and H2O and is involved in conduction
- Which cell type is necessary for storage
- What form of transport sclerenchyma are found here
- parenchyma and sclerenchyma
- sclerenchyma
- parenchyma
- tracheids OR vessel elements
- what two cell types make up the phloem
- which cell type makes up the sieve tube member transports sucrose and is involved in conduction
- what type of sclerenchyma is used for mechanical support
- parenchyma and sclerenchyma
- parenchyma
- fibers
parenchyma cells long distance transport has pores for phloem sap movement has plates to end walls anucleate a maturity
sieve tube member
parenchyma cells
short distance transport of sucrose
nucleate at maturity
companion cell
what happens to the parenchyma cells in the epidermis
they become scelerified
acts as boundary that interacts with the environment via stomata and trichomes
epidermis
glandular or not
uni or multicellular
outgrowths
water uptake, secretion, protection
trichomes
what substance do cannabis trichomes secrete
which one gets you high
THC and CBD (isomers)
THC
what does the shoot apical meristem become via stem cell division
stem, buds, leaves
which way does the shoot apical meristem grow
this makes it _____ geotropic
grows up to the sky
negative
which way does the root apical meristem grow and what does it do
this makes is ______ geotropic
grows down to elongate the root
postive
what is the purpose of the root cap
protect RAM
secrete mucigel
gravity perception
lubricant for easy movement through soil
stimulates bacterial growth for nutrient uptake
polysaccharide
mucigel
what are the three overlapping zones of the root tip
cell division
elongation
maturation
is there absorption during root tip cell division
no
is there absorption during elongation zone of root tip
no
does absorption occur during maturation zone?
what else is happening
yes!
growth of root hairs
parenchyma cells differentiate
what are the main functions of stems and branches
bear leaves, flowers, fruit
conduct water, minerals, and sugars
store food
what are the main functions of roots
anchorage
absorption
store food
what causes carrots to be purple… orange
anthocyanins
beta-carotene
biofortication
breeding critical vitamins and nutrients in staple crops
primary root is derived from embryonic root from inside the seed grows down (positive geoptropic growth) ie: dandelion, carrot, parnsip
tap root system
primary root replaced by adventitious root
fibrous root system
what type of stem anatomy is this: ring vascular bundle central pith secondary growth herbaceous or woody
dicot
what type of stem anatomy is this: scattered vascular bundle no pith no secondary growth herbaceous
monocot
what type of root anatomy is this:
central xylem
phloem
no pith
dicot
what type of root anatomy is this:
xylem: ring
phloem: ring
central pith
monocot
innermost cortex layer with closely packed cells and no intracellular space
consists of suberin, casparian strip, transverse and radial cell walls
endodermis
lateral roots are _____ meaning they are formed deep within the parent root
adrongynous
how does a lateral root form
pericycle cells become mitotically active and develop into a root that grows through the cortex and epidermis
