Exam 2 Flashcards
Transduction refers to
the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses
With respect to light waves, brightness is determined by amplitude, as color is determined by:
wavelength
Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the:
lens
The blind spot is located in the area of the retina:
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to detect low levels of light?
rods
According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned “on” by:
green light are turned “off” by red light
Eardrum vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea by a bone piston consisting of:
the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to:
the vestibular sense
Maya looks at a cloud and the top part reminds her of a cherry on a sundae. What type of perceptual processing allows Maya to perceive a sundae when she looks at the cloud?
bottom-up
Which of the following sense is best described as a chemical sense?
olfaction
Because one team wore blue uniforms and the other team wore red uniforms, Cheri perceived the 10 basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of:
similarity
Relative height is a cue which dictates that objects that are lower in our field of vision are perceives as being:
closer
If two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that casts the smaller retinal image (looks smaller) is perceived as being:
more distant
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate:
classical conditioning
In Aldous Huxleys’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the book is a(n):
conditioned stimulus
Dogs conditioned to salivate when rubbed on their front paws also began to salivate when other parts of their bodies were rubbed. This best illustrates:
generalization
An event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):
punisher
Any stimulus that, when removed after a behavior, strengthens that behavior is called a(n):
negative reinforcer
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
specific number of responses have been made
Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a:
negative punishment
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze faster when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:
latent learning
Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others is called:
observational learning
The process of getting information into memory is called:
encoding
According to the Information Processing Model, the information in our fleeting sensory memory that we attend to is then transferred into _____ memory
short-term
After Uma hears her mother;’s list of 12 grocery items, Uma is most likely to remember the items _____ of the list
at the end
To remember the information presented in her textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan’s Strategy is effective because it facilitates _____
meaningful encoding
“The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of _____
short-term
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
long-term memory
The loss of memory abilities is called:
amnesia
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates _____ memory
implicit
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball.Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of:
shaping
