Exam 2

Question 1

Transduction refers to

Answer 1

the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses

Question 2

With respect to light waves, brightness is determined by amplitude, as color is determined by:

Answer 2

wavelength

Question 3

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the:

Answer 3

lens

Question 4

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina:

Answer 4

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Question 5

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to detect low levels of light?

Answer 5

rods

Question 6

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned “on” by:

Answer 6

green light are turned “off” by red light

Question 7

Eardrum vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea by a bone piston consisting of:

Answer 7

the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Question 8

The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to:

Answer 8

the vestibular sense

Question 9

Maya looks at a cloud and the top part reminds her of a cherry on a sundae. What type of perceptual processing allows Maya to perceive a sundae when she looks at the cloud?

Answer 9

bottom-up

Question 10

Which of the following sense is best described as a chemical sense?

Answer 10

olfaction

Question 11

Because one team wore blue uniforms and the other team wore red uniforms, Cheri perceived the 10 basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of:

Answer 11

similarity

Question 12

Relative height is a cue which dictates that objects that are lower in our field of vision are perceives as being:

Answer 12

closer

Question 13

If two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that casts the smaller retinal image (looks smaller) is perceived as being:

Answer 13

more distant

Question 14

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate:

Answer 14

classical conditioning

Question 15

In Aldous Huxleys’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the book is a(n):

Answer 15

conditioned stimulus

Question 16

Dogs conditioned to salivate when rubbed on their front paws also began to salivate when other parts of their bodies were rubbed. This best illustrates:

Answer 16

generalization

Question 17

An event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):

Answer 17

punisher

Question 18

Any stimulus that, when removed after a behavior, strengthens that behavior is called a(n):

Answer 18

negative reinforcer

Question 19

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

Answer 19

specific number of responses have been made

Question 20

Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a:

Answer 20

negative punishment

Question 21

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze faster when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:

Answer 21

latent learning

Question 22

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others is called:

Answer 22

observational learning

Question 23

The process of getting information into memory is called:

Answer 23

encoding

Question 24

According to the Information Processing Model, the information in our fleeting sensory memory that we attend to is then transferred into _____ memory

Answer 24

short-term

Question 25

After Uma hears her mother;’s list of 12 grocery items, Uma is most likely to remember the items _____ of the list

Answer 25

at the end

Question 26

To remember the information presented in her textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan’s Strategy is effective because it facilitates _____

Answer 26

meaningful encoding

Question 27

“The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of _____

Answer 27

short-term

Question 28

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

Answer 28

long-term memory

Question 29

The loss of memory abilities is called:

Answer 29

amnesia

Question 30

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates _____ memory

Answer 30

implicit

Question 31

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball.Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of:

Answer 31

shaping