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Anatomy II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of upper medial quadrant

A

1) Posterior rami of L1-3

2) S1-3

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2
Q

Cutaneous innervation of lateral quadrant

A

1) Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

2) Anterior rami T12

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3
Q

Cutaneous innervation of Lower medial quadrant

A

Branches from posterior femoral nerves (S1-3)

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4
Q

Cutaneous innervation of lower lateral quadrant

A

Branches from lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (S2-3)

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5
Q

What are the two major fascias that are associated with the gluteal region

A

1) Deep Fascia

2) Superficial Fascia

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6
Q

Describe the deep fascia that’s associated with the gluteal region

A

1) Continuous with deep fascia of thigh (fascia Lata)
2) Attached to iliac crest and lateral condyle of tibia
3) Continues as iliotibial tract on lateral surface of thigh

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7
Q

Describe the Superficial Fascia of Gluteal Region

A

1) Tied down to bottom of buttock

2) Forms gluteal (natal) fold

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8
Q

What is the Deep fascia of the gluteal region relationship with gluteus medius and Maximus muscle

A

1) Covers outer surface of gluteus medius and splits to enclose gluteus Maximus

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9
Q

What forms sheath for tensor fascia latae muscle?

A

Iliotibial tract

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10
Q

Purpose of the Greater sciatic foramen

A

Passageway for structure entering or leaving the pelvis

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11
Q

What is the purpose for the lesser sciatic foramen

A

Passageway for structures entering or leaving perineum

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12
Q

What are the structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramen

A

1) Piriformis Muscle
2) Sciatic Nerve
3) Superior/inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
4) Pudendal nerve
5) Internal pudendal artery/vein
6) Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
7) Nerves to quadratus femoral and obturator inter us

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13
Q

What are the structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen

A

1) Tendon of obturator internus
2) Nerve to obturator internus
3) Pudendal nerve
4) Internal pudendal vessels

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14
Q

What are the attachments of the sacrotuberous ligaments

A

Posterior iliac spine
Lower sacrum
Coccyx to ischial tuberosity

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15
Q

Describe the attachments of the sacrospinous ligaments

A

Sacrum

Coccyx to ischial spine

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16
Q

Which ligament divides greater sciatic notch into greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen

A

Sacrospinous

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17
Q

List the posterior gluteal compartment muscle(s)

A

Gluteus Maximus

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18
Q

List the Lateral gluteal compartment muscles

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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19
Q

What is the collective function of the abductor gluteal muscles

A

Prevent pelvis and body from falling to the unsupported side when one foot is off the ground

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20
Q

What is the function of the 6 deep external rotators of the gluteal group

A

Rotate unsupported side of pelvis forward to increase stride

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21
Q

Describe the origin of the Gluteus Maximus

A

Posterior gluteal line of ilium
Surfaces of sacrum
Coccyx
Sacrotuberous ligament

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22
Q

Where does the gluteus Maximus insert

A

Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

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23
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus

A

1) Extends and externally rotates thigh
2) Extends pelvis by reverse action when lower limbs are flexed
3) Necessary for rising from seated position, climbing, running to jumping
* * Not required for normal walking

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24
Q

Describe the innervation and vascular supply of the gluteus Maximus

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1-2)

Inferior Gluteal Artery (From internal iliac)

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25
Q

What separates the gluteus medius and minimus

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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26
Q

Describe the innervation and vascular supply of the lateral gluteal compartment

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Superior gluteal artery (via internal iliac)

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27
Q

What is the collective function of the lateral gluteal compartment

A

Hip abduction with free-swinging limb

***Tensor of fascia lata and anterior deep gluteal fibers also act as medial rotators of the thigh

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28
Q

What’s the origin of the gluteus medius

A

1) Ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

2) Gluteal aponeurosis

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29
Q

Describe the origin of the gluteus minimus

A

Ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

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30
Q

Describe the origin of the tensor of fascia lata

A

Outer lip of iliac crest and ASIS

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31
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus medius

A

Anterior border of greater trochanter

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32
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus

A

Anterior border of greater trochanter

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33
Q

What is the insertion of tensor fascia lata

A

Iliotibial (IT) tract

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34
Q

Describe the Trendelenburg test

A

1) Evaluates strength of contractural gluteus medius
2) Patient stands upright and raises one foot off the ground
3) contralateral gluteus medius should lower contralateral hip and raise ipsilateral hip
4) Needed to clear foot from the ground during swing phase of walking

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35
Q

List the 6 deep external rotators

A 
Piriformis 
Superior gemellus 
Obturator Internus 
Inferior gemellus 
Obturator externus 
Quadratus femoris
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36
Q

What is the main door for passage of structure from pelvis to thigh

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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37
Q

Describe the functions of the. 6 deep external rotators

A

1) Piriformis and Obturator internus can externally rotate thigh and abduct flexed thigh
2) Rest externally rotate hip

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38
Q

Sciatic notches are separated from each other via what?

A

Ischial Spine

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39
Q

Describe the Acetabular labrum

A

Fibrocartilage
Deepens acetabular socket
Grips head of femur

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40
Q

Describe the transverse acetabular ligament

A

1) Continuation of acetabular labrum across acetabular notch

2) Converts notch into a foramen for the transmission of the artery to the head of the femur

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41
Q

Describe the fibrous capsule of joint

A

1) Encloses head and most of femoral neck
2) Proximal attachment = acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament
3) Distal attachment = greater trochanter and inter trochanteric line

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42
Q

Describe the iliofemoral ligament

A

1) Strongest and most important ligament of the hip joint
2) Proximal attachment = ASIS
3) Distal attachment = Intertrochanteric line
4) Resists hyperextension of the hip

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43
Q

Which ligament is also known as the “Y” ligament of Bigelow

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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44
Q

Describe the pubofemoral ligament

A

1) Proximal attachment: Pubis near inferior rim of acetabulum
2) Distal attachment: Neck of femur above lesser trochanter
3) Resists hyperextension of the hip

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45
Q

Describe the Ischiofemoral ligament

A

1) Proximal attachment: Ischium near posterior rim of acetabulum
2) Distal attachment: Neck of femur medial to greater trochanter
3) Resists hyperextension of the hip

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46
Q

Describe the ligamentum teres

A

1) Proximal attachment: Fovea of femoral head
2) Distal attachment: Transverse acetabular ligament
3) Supports artery to the head of the femur

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47
Q

Describe the Zona orbicularis

A

A collar-like ligament around the distal neck of the femur

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48
Q

Describe the Nerve and Blood supply of the hip joint

A

Innervation: Femoral and Obturator Nerve
Blood Supply: Superior and inferior gluteal arteries, Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries, and obturator arteries

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49
Q

What are the borders of the Femoral Triangle

A

1) Medial Border of sartorius
2) Medial border of adductor longus muscle
3) Inguinal ligament (which is from ASIS to pubic tubercle)

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50
Q

What are the contents of the femoral Triangle

A

1) Femoral Nerve
2) femoral Artery
3) Femoral Vein
4) Lymphatics

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51
Q

Which content of the femoral triangle isn’t contained in the femoral sheath

A

Femoral Nerve

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52
Q

What muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus

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53
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the femoral triangle

A

Femoral cutaneous nerves

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54
Q

List the Femoral Triangle contents lateral to medial

A

NAVL

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55
Q

Where does the Adductor Canal begin?

A

1) Begins at apex of femoral triangle

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56
Q

List the borders of the adductor canal

A

1) Lateral Border: Vastus medialis Muscle
2) Posterior: Adductor longus and magnus
3) Anteromedial: Sartorius

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57
Q

List the contents of the adductor canal

A

1) Saphenous nerve
2) Nerve to vastus medialis (Femoral Nerve)
3) Terminal part of obturator nerve
4) Terminal parts of femoral artery and vein
5) Deep lymph vessels

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58
Q

What is the termination of the femoral nerve?

A

Saphenous Nerve

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59
Q

List the muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh

A

1) Iliopsoas
2) Sartorius
3) Pectineus
4) Quadriceps
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis

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60
Q

Describe the origin and insertion fo the iliopsoas

A

Origin: Iliac fossa, and sides of bodies of lumbar vertebra and discs and transverse processes

Insertion: Lesser trochanter

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61
Q

Action of iliopsoas

A

1) Flexes and internally rotates hip

2) Psoas major also extends and laterally bends lumbar vertebral column by reverse action

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62
Q

Innervation of iliopsoas

A

1) Iliacus via femoral nerve (L2-3)

2) Psoas major directly from L1-3

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63
Q

Sartorius origin and insertion

A

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia

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64
Q

Sartorius Action

A

1) Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip

20 Flexes and internally rotates the knee

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65
Q

Sartorius Innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2-3)

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66
Q

Pectineus Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: pectineal line of pubis (superior Ramos)
Insertion: Upper half of pectineal line of femur

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67
Q

Pectineus Action

A

Flexes, abducts, and internally rotates the hip

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68
Q

Innervation of Pectineus

A

Femoral Nerve

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69
Q

Rectus Femoris Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: AIIS and posterosuperior aspect of rim of acetabulum
Insertion: Tibial Tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)

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70
Q

Rectus Femoris Action

A

Extends knee and flexes hip

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71
Q

Innervation of Rectus femoris

A

Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)

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72
Q

What is the only muscle of the quadriceps complex that flexes the hip

A

Rectus femoris

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73
Q

Vastus Lateralis Origin and Insertion

A

Origin:

  • Intertrochanteric line
  • greater trochanter
  • gluteal tuberosity,
  • upper part of lip of linea aspera and lateral intermuscular septum

Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)

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74
Q

Action of Vastus Lateralis

A

Extends knee

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75
Q

Innervation of Vastus Lateralis

A

Femoral nerve

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76
Q

Vastus Medialis Origin and Insertion

A

Origin:

  • Intertrochanteric Line
  • Greater Trochanter
  • Medial lip of linea aspera
  • Medial Supracondylar Line and Medial intermuscular septum

Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)

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77
Q

Action of Vastus medialis

A

Extends knee

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78
Q

Innervation of Vastus medialis

A

Femoral nerve (L2-4)

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79
Q

Vastus intermedius Origin and insertion

A

Origin:

  • Upper 2/3 of femoral shaft and distal half of intermuscular septum
  • Lateral lip of linea aspera when fuels with vastus lateralis

Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)

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80
Q

Action of Vastus intermedius

A

Extends knee

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81
Q

Innervation of Vastus intermedius

A

Femoral nerve

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82
Q

Which muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh aid in hip flexion

A

Rectus femoris

Sartorius

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83
Q

List the muscle of the medial compartment of thigh

A 
Gracilis 
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis 
Adductor Magnus 
Obturator Externus
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84
Q

What is the blood supply of the medial compartment of thigh

A

Obturator artery

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85
Q

Gracilis Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: Front of body of pubis and inferior Ramos of pubis
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of shaft of tibia

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86
Q

Action of Gracilis

A

Adducts hip
flexes Knee
Assists in internal rotation of tibia on femur

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87
Q

Innervation of Gracilis

A

Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-3)

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88
Q

Adductor Longus Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: Crest and symphysis of pubis

Insertion: Medial lip of linea aspera

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89
Q

Action of Adductor Longus

A

Adducts, Flexes, and externally rotates thigh

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90
Q

Innervation of Adductor Longus

A

Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-4)

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91
Q

Adductor Brevis Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: Body and inferior Ramos of pubis

Insertion: Pectineal line of femur and upper part of linea aspera

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92
Q

Action of Adductor Brevis

A

Adducts, flexes, and internally rotates hip

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93
Q

Innervation of Adductor Brevis

A

Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-4)

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94
Q

Adductor Magnus Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity and Ischiopubic Ramus

Insertion:

  • Gluteal tuberosity
  • medial lip of linea aspera
  • Medial supracondylar line
  • Adductor tubercle
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95
Q

Action of Adductor Magnus

A

Adducts hip
Upper fibers flex and internally rotate hip
Lower fibers extend and externally rotate hip

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96
Q

Innervation of Adductor Magnus

A

Anterior division of obturator nerve

Tibial branch of sciatic nerve (L2-4)

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97
Q

Obturator Externus Origin and insertion

A

Origin:

  • External surface of pubis
  • Ischium along the margin of the obturator foramen
  • From the obturator membrane

Insertion:
-Trochanteric fossa

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98
Q

Action of Obturator externus

A

Externally rotates the hip

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99
Q

Innervation of Obturator externus

A

Obturator Nerve (L3-L4)

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100
Q

List the innervation, vascular supply and action of posterior compartment of thigh

A

Innervation: Common Peroneal nerve and Tibial nerve

Vascular Supply: Perforating arteries (from profunda femoris)

Action: Hip extension and Knee flexion

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101
Q

What is included in the Posterior compartment of the thigh

A

1) Hamstrings
- Biceps femoris long and short head
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus

2) Adductor Hiatus

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102
Q

Origin and insertion of Biceps femoris (Long Head)

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity and lower part of sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion: Lateral side of head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

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4
5
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103
Q

Biceps Femoris Long Head action

A

1) Flexes the knee and externally rotates the knee

2) Long head also extends the hip joint

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104
Q

Innervation of Biceps femoris long head

A

Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)

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105
Q

Biceps femoris short head origin and insertion

A

Origin:

  • Lateral lip of linea aspera
  • upper part of supracondylar line
  • Lateral intermuscular septum

Insertion:

  • Lateral side of head of fibula
  • Lateral condyle of tibia
106
Q

Action of Biceps femoris short head

A

Flexes the knee and externally rotates the knee

107
Q

Innervation of Biceps Femoris short head

A

Common peroneal portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)

108
Q

Semimembranosus Origin and Insertion

A

Origin:

  • Ischial tuberosity
  • Adjacent ischial ramus

Insertion: Posteromedial aspect of the medial tibial condyle

109
Q

Action of Semimembranosus

A

1) Flexes knee and tends to internally rotate it

2) Extends hip

110
Q

Innervation of Semimbranosus and Semitendinosus

A

Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)

111
Q

Origin and insertion of Semitendinosus

A

Origin: In common with long head of biceps longus from ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia

112
Q

Action of Semitendinosus

A

1) Flexes knee and tends to internally rotate it

2) Extends hip

113
Q

Which muscle is presumably necessary to “unlock” the knee from its extended position?

A

Popliteus

114
Q

List the contents of the popliteal fossa (in order from deep to more superficial)

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve

115
Q

Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the thigh

A

1) Anterior Thigh - Femoral Nerve
2) Medial Compartment
- Obturator Nerve
- Tibial Nerve: Hamstring portion of adductor Magnus
3) Posterior Compartment - Common perineal nerve (biceps femoris Brevis) and Tibial Nerve

116
Q

Name the blood supply to each compartment of the thigh

A

1) Anterior - Femoral Artery
2) Medial - Obturator Artery - branch of internal iliac artery
3) Posterior - Perforating arteries (from profunda femoris)

117
Q

Name the basic functions of each compartment of the thigh.

A

1) Anterior
- Hip flexion: Rectus femoris and Sartorius
- Knee Extension

2) Medial
- Adduction

3) Posterior
- Hip extension
- Knee flexion

118
Q

Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the leg.

A

1) Superficial Posterior
- Tibial Nerve and Sural cutaneous nerves (Lateral and Medial)

2) Deep Posterior
- Tibialis Nerve

3) Anterior Compartment
- Deep perineal (fibular) nerve

4) Lateral Compartment
- Superficial perineal (fibular) nerve

119
Q

Name the muscles in each of the compartments of the leg. What are their functions

A

1) Superficial Posterior
- Gastrocnemius: crosses both knee and ankle joint; two heads form inferior boundaries of popliteal fossa
- Plantaris: May be absent and tendon maybe used for hand surgery
- Soleus: Broad multipennate muscle; unjoint muscle
- Triceps surae: Soleus + two heads of gastrocnemius

2) Deep Posterior
- Popliteus: Flexes and rotates knee and lies in floor of popliteal fossa
- Flexor Digitorum Longus: Plantarflexs foot at ankle joint
- Flexor Hallucis Longus: Push-off muscle for walking, jumping, and running
- Tibialis Posterior: Plantar flexion and foot inversion; Helps to maintain medial longitudinal arch

3) Anterior- Toe extension and ankle Dorisflexion
- Tibialis anterior: Foot Dorisflexion and inversion; Paralysis results in foot drop
- Extensor digitorum longus: Toe extension at MTP and also Dorisflexion
- peroneus (fibularis) tertius: Foot Dorisflexion and eversion; sometimes missing; part of extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallucis longus

4) Lateral
- Peroneus (fibularis) longus: Easily Palpated; Helps to maintain transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot
- Peroneus (fibularis) Brevis: Inserts on lateral tuberosity; Plantar flexion and foot eversion

120
Q

Name the blood supply to each compartment of the leg.

A

1) Superficial Posterior
- Posterior tibial artery
- Peroneal (fibular) artery - terminal branch of posterior tibial artery

2) Deep Posterior
—Posterior tibial artery

3) Anterior
- Anterior tibial artery

4) Lateral - no major arteries in lateral compartment
- Branch of posterior tibial

121
Q

The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

122
Q

Which ligament is the primary support for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Calcanonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)

123
Q

Name the individual bones that constitute each of the three subdivisions of the foot

A

1) Hindfoot
- Talus
- Calcaneus

2) Midfoot
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms

3) Forefoot
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges

124
Q

Name the four components of the medial collateral ligament (Deltoid) of the ankle

A
  • Tibionavicular
  • Tibiocalcaneal
  • Anterior Tibiotalar
  • Posterior Tibiotalar
125
Q

Which bones form the mortise and tenon joint of the ankle, and which is which?

A

1) Mortise
- Fibular Malleolus
- Tibial Malleolus
- Distal end of tibia

2) Tenon
- Head of talus

126
Q

Which nerves Innervates the intrinsic muscles on the dorsum of the foot?

A

1) Deep Peroneal nerve
- Lateral branch is motor intrinsic muscles on dorsum:
- Extensor hallucis Brevis and Extensor digitorum Brevis

-Medial branch is cutaneous

127
Q

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot

A

1) Superficial Peroneal Nerve
- Give rise to medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves
- Cutaneous

2) Deep Peroneal Nerve
- Medial branch is cutaneous

3) Sural Nerve
- Gives off lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve

128
Q

The adductor hallucis is found in the third layer of muscles on the sole of the foot. It is made up of both an oblique head and a transverse head. What is the common insertion of this muscle?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of the great toe with the flexor hallucis brevis

129
Q

The crural fascia forms retinacula in the foot. The superior retinaculum binds down tendons of muscles located in which compartment?

A

1) Anterior Compartment
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Peroneus Tertius

130
Q

Which muscle attaches to both the medial aspect of the femur (linea aspera) and the adductor tubercle, creating the adductor hiatus?

A

Adductor Magnus

131
Q

During knee extension, the patella is pulled proximal by the quadriceps and also laterally. Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella?

A

Patella is pulled proximally by quadriceps

  • Vastus Lateralis tends to pull patella laterally
  • Vastus Medialis Oblique counteracts vastus lateralis
132
Q

The popliteal fossa is formed by the borders of four muscles. Which pair of muscles forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Gastrocnemius

133
Q

The tendon of which muscle passes between two seasmoid bones located at the base of the first metarsus?

A

Flexor Hallucis Longus: Passes between seamoid bones in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis

134
Q

List the muscles that make up each layer of the four layers of the sole of the foot.

A

1) First Muscle Layer
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi

2) Second Muscle Layer
- Quadratus plantae
- Lumbricals

3) Third Muscle Layer
- Flexor hallucis longus tendon
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis

4) Fourth Muscle Layer
- Peroneus Longus Tendon
- Tibialis Posterior Tendon
- Interossei
- Three plantar (adductors)
- Four Dorsal (abductors)

135
Q

Dorsal interossei and Plantar interossei are innervated by what?

A

Lateral Plantar Nerve

136
Q

Dorsal Interossei action

A

1) Abducts digits 2-4

2) Flex metatarsal phalangeal joints

137
Q

Plantar interossei Action

A

1) Adducts digits 3-5 at the MP joints toward the axis of the second toe
2) Flexes the MP joints and extends the PIP and DIP joints of digits 3-5

138
Q

What is the most common long bone to be fractured?

A

Tibia

139
Q

Describe the tibia

A

1) Most common long bone to be fractured
2) Relatively poor blood supply
3) Anteromedial surface is “bare”
4) Soleal (oblique) line on posterior surface

140
Q

Fibula

A

1) Lateral Malleolus important in ankle stability

2) Sire for muscle attachment

141
Q

Crural Fascia is continuous with what?

A

Fascia Latae and periosteum

142
Q

Describe the Crural Fascia

A

1) Continuous with fascia latae via anterior and medial borders of tibia
2) Fascia forms retinacula in foot

143
Q

What are the cutaneous nerves of the Superficial Posterior Compartment

A

1) Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve - From common Peroneal (fibular) nerve
2) Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve - From tibial nerve

***Sural nerve runs with lesser saphenous vein

144
Q

What type of joint is the Superior tibiofibular joint

A

Synovial plane joint with a capsule

145
Q

What type of join is the Inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis

146
Q

What ligaments compose the Inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior Tibiofibular ligament
Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament

147
Q

Movements of the talotibial (talocrural) joint

A

1) Dorsiflexion = increased toe out
2) Plantarflexion = decreased toe out
* ** Mostly occur in Sagittal plane

148
Q

What is the axis of the talotibial joint

A

Normal Tibial Torsion:Toe out stance

Pathological: External/internal tibial torsion

149
Q

What is the weakest ankle ligament?

A

Lateral collateral

150
Q

What are the components of the lateral collateral

A

1) Anterior and Posterior Talofibular

2) Calcaneofibular

151
Q

What type of joint is the Talotibial joint

A

Synovial Hinge

152
Q

What is the most congruent joint in the body

A

Talotibial Joint

153
Q

Name the two types of Plantar Arches

A

1) Medial

2) Lateral

154
Q

Function of the Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament

A

Primary Support for medial longitudinal arch

155
Q

Function of the Long plantar ligament

A

Primary support for lateral longitudinal arch

156
Q

Muscles of the Dorsum of Foot

A

1) Extensor Digitorum Brevis
2) Extensor Hallucis Brevis
3) Dorsal Interossei

157
Q

Blood Supply of the Dorsum

A

1) Anterior Tibial Artery via dorsalis pedis artery
2) Arcuate Artery: Gives off dorsal metatarsals to dorsal digits
3) Deep Plantar Artery

158
Q

Nerve Supply to Dorsum

A

1) Superficial Peroneal Nerve - cutaneous
2) Deep Peroneal Nerve - lateral branch is motor
3) Sural Nerve - Gives off lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve

159
Q

Muscles of the Sole of Foot

A

1) First Muscle Layer
- Abductor Hallucis
- Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Abductor Digiti Minimi

2) Second Muscle Layer
- Quadratus Plantae
- Lumbricals

3) Thrid Muscle Layer
- Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon
- Adductor Hallucis
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

4) Fourth Muscle Layer
- Peroneus Longus Tendon
- Tibialis Posterior Tendon
- Interossei: 3 Plantar Adductors and Four Dorsal Abductors

160
Q

Which Sole muscle passes between sesamoid bones in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

161
Q

Floor of Suboccipital Triangle

A

Posterior Atlanta-occipital membrane

162
Q

Roof of Suboccipital Triangle

A

Semi spinal is Capitis Muscle

163
Q

What are the contents of the Suuboccipital Triangle

A

1) Suboccipital Nerve
2) Greater Occipital Nerve
3) Third Occipital Nerve
4) Vertebral Artery

164
Q

What nerve allows sensation of the back of skull

A

Greater Occipital Nerve

165
Q

What is the motor nerve to muscles of Suboccipital triangle

A

Suboccipital Nerve

166
Q

Which Nerve associated with the Suboccipital triangle has no sensory and no dorsal root?

A

Suboccipital Nerve

167
Q

Atlas is C1 or C2

A

C1

168
Q

Axis is C1 or C2

A

C2

169
Q

Platysma Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: SubQ of Infraclavicular and Supraclavicular Regions
Insertions: Base of mandible, skin of cheek, lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis or is

170
Q

Action of Platysma

A

1) Depresses Mandible

2) Tenses skin of inferior face and neck

171
Q

Occipitofrontalis origin and insertion

A

Origin: Anteriorly from epcranial aponeurosis and Posteriorly from superior nuchal line

insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis posteriorly, and skin and subQ of eyebrows and forehead anteriorly

172
Q

Action of Occipitofrontalis

A

1) Elevates eyebrows

2) Protracts Scalp

173
Q

Orbicularis Oculi: Origin, insertion, Action

A

Origin: Orbital Margin; Palpebral Ligament; Lacrimal Bone
Insertion: Skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plates
Action: Closes eyelids

174
Q

Procerus: Origin, Insertion, Action

A

Origin: Facial aponeurosis; Lateral Nasal Cartilages
Insertion: Skin between eyebrows
Action: Depresses medial sides of eyebrows and wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose

175
Q

Nasalis

A

Origin: Frontal Process of maxillae
Insertion: Alar Cartilage
Action: Depresses alae laterally and dilates anterior nasal aperture

176
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Origin: Medial Maxilla and mandible; Deep surface of skin around mouth
Insertion: Mucosa of lips
Action: Closes oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips

177
Q

Legatos Labii Superioris

A

Origin: Infraorbital margin
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth

178
Q

Zygomatic Minor

A

Origin: Anterior part of zygomatic bone
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth

179
Q

Zygomaticus Major

A

Origin: Lateral part of zzygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Elevates labial commissaries (corner of mouth)

180
Q

Risorius

A

Origin: Parotid fascia and buccaneers skin
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)

181
Q

Depressor annuli oris

A

Origin: Anterolateral base of mandible
insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)

182
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Origin: Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: Mouth dilator; depresses and everts lower lip

183
Q

The facial artery is a branch of what?

A

External carotid artery

184
Q

Branches of the Facial Artery

A

Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery

185
Q

What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal

186
Q

Superficial Temporal divides into what two branches

A

Frontal and Parietal branches

187
Q

Which artery forms an anastomoses with the facial artery

A

Transverse Facial

188
Q

Branches of the Transverse Facial supply what structures?

A

Parotid Gland
Masseter Muscle
Skin of face

189
Q

Sensory innervation of the face is via what nerve?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

190
Q

Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

A

1) Opthalamic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular

191
Q

What is the primary motor nerve to muscles of facial expression?

A

Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)

192
Q

Which nerve supplies muscles derived from second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)

A

Facial Nerve ( CN 7)

193
Q

What are the Branches of Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)

A 
Temporal 
Zygomatic
Buccaneers
Mandibular
Cervical
194
Q

Cranial Nerve 7 is associated with what Foramen?

A

Stylomastoid Foramen

195
Q

Platysma Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: SubQ of Infraclavicular and Supraclavicular Regions
Insertions: Base of mandible, skin of cheek, lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis or is

196
Q

Action of Platysma

A

1) Depresses Mandible

2) Tenses skin of inferior face and neck

197
Q

Occipitofrontalis origin and insertion

A

Origin: Anteriorly from epcranial aponeurosis and Posteriorly from superior nuchal line

insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis posteriorly, and skin and subQ of eyebrows and forehead anteriorly

198
Q

Action of Occipitofrontalis

A

1) Elevates eyebrows

2) Protracts Scalp

199
Q

Orbicularis Oculi: Origin, insertion, Action

A

Origin: Orbital Margin; Palpebral Ligament; Lacrimal Bone
Insertion: Skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plates
Action: Closes eyelids

200
Q

Procerus: Origin, Insertion, Action

A

Origin: Facial aponeurosis; Lateral Nasal Cartilages
Insertion: Skin between eyebrows
Action: Depresses medial sides of eyebrows and wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose

201
Q

Nasalis

A

Origin: Frontal Process of maxillae
Insertion: Alar Cartilage
Action: Depresses alae laterally and dilates anterior nasal aperture

202
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Origin: Medial Maxilla and mandible; Deep surface of skin around mouth
Insertion: Mucosa of lips
Action: Closes oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips

203
Q

Legatos Labii Superioris

A

Origin: Infraorbital margin
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth

204
Q

Zygomatic Minor

A

Origin: Anterior part of zygomatic bone
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth

205
Q

Zygomaticus Major

A

Origin: Lateral part of zzygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Elevates labial commissaries (corner of mouth)

206
Q

Risorius

A

Origin: Parotid fascia and buccaneers skin
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)

207
Q

Depressor annuli oris

A

Origin: Anterolateral base of mandible
insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)

208
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Origin: Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: Mouth dilator; depresses and everts lower lip

209
Q

The facial artery is a branch of what?

A

External carotid artery

210
Q

Branches of the Facial Artery

A

Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery

211
Q

What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal

212
Q

Superficial Temporal divides into what two branches

A

Frontal and Parietal branches

213
Q

Which artery forms an anastomoses with the facial artery

A

Transverse Facial

214
Q

Branches of the Transverse Facial supply what structures?

A

Parotid Gland
Masseter Muscle
Skin of face

215
Q

Sensory innervation of the face is via what nerve?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

216
Q

Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

A

1) Opthalamic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular

217
Q

What is the primary motor nerve to muscles of facial expression?

A

Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)

218
Q

Which nerve supplies muscles derived from second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)

A

Facial Nerve ( CN 7)

219
Q

What are the Branches of Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)

A 
Temporal 
Zygomatic
Buccaneers
Mandibular
Cervical
220
Q

Cranial Nerve 7 is associated with what Foramen?

A

Stylomastoid Foramen

221
Q

What structures pass through the Superior and Inferior Peroneal Retinacula?

A

1) Tendons of Peroneus Longus

2) Tendons of Peroneus Brevis

222
Q

Which reticulum is Y shaped with the stem of the Y on the lateral side of ankle

A

Extensor Retinaculum

223
Q

What is the basic racial bone that is entirely preformed in cartilage?

A

Ethmoid

224
Q

Which facial muscle functions to cells the eyes?

A

Orbicularis Oculi

225
Q

Name the branches of the facial artery

A

Superior and Inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery

226
Q

Which Fontanelle located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures?

A

Posterior

227
Q

The Supraorbital foramina (notches) are associated with which facial bone?

A

Frontal

228
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor Innervation to muscles of facial expression

A

Cranial nerve 7

229
Q

Describe the location and attachments of the cruciform ligament

A

Alar Ligaments

230
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the very back of the head?

A

Greater occipital Nerve

231
Q

The foramina rotundum and ovale are found in which regions of the skull

A

Greater wings of the sphenoid bone

232
Q

The tectorial membrane is a superior extension of which ligament

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

233
Q

The posterior atlantoocciptal membrane is a superior extension of which ligament

A

Ligamentum flavum

234
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossae contains

A

Frontal lobes of cerebrum

235
Q

Middle Cranial Fossae Contains

A

Temporal Lobes of cerebrum

236
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossae contains

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla

237
Q

Frontal bone is ____ in the fetus and ____ in an adult

A

1) Paired

2) Fused

238
Q

Alveolar Process and Infraorbital Foamina is associated with which bones of the skull?

A

Maxillary

239
Q

The greater wing and lesser wing are associated with what structure of the anterior skull?

A

Sphenoid Bone

240
Q

True or False: The metopic suture usually become obliterated after birth

A

True

241
Q

List the four sutures

A

Sagittal
Lambdoidal
Coronal
Frontal

242
Q

List the four Fontanelles

A

Anterior
Posterior
Posterolateral
Anterolateral

243
Q

Which fontanelle occurs between the sagittal and coronal suture?

A

Anterior

244
Q

What type of bone makes up the base of the skull underlying the brain stem?

A

Endochondral

245
Q

Bones forming the sides and roof of the skull are what type of bones?

A

Dermal Bone- they make up the bones of the face

246
Q

What makes up the chondrocranium?

A

1) Neurocranium: Cartilage and/or endochondral bone

2) Splanchnocranium (Viscerocranium): Cartilage and/or endochondral bone

247
Q

What makes up the dermatocranium?

A

Dermal Bone

248
Q

What are the Five bones of the Basicranium and what do they all contain?

A

1) Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Left and right temporals, Occipital bone
2) Foraminae

249
Q

The Middle Cranial Fossae is formed by what?

A

Body and Greater Wings of sphenoid

250
Q

Where is the Anterior Cranial Fossae located?

A

Superior to orbits

251
Q

Describe each of the four suboccipital muscles, including their attachments and functions.

A

a. Obliqus capitis superior
i. Weak extensor of neck
b. Obliqus capitis inferior
i. Strong rotator of atlas
c. Rectus capitis posterior major
i. Extension of vertebral column
d. Rectus capitis posterior minor
i. Extension of vertebral column

252
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Maxillary sinuses (the biggest)
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinus

253
Q

Flexor Retinaculum is associated with the tendons of what muscles?

A

Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

254
Q

What does the Flexor retinaculum cover?

A

Tibial nerve

Posterior Tibial Artery

255
Q

What does the Superior/Inferior extensor retinacula cover?

A 
Deep Peroneal (fibular) nerve
Anterior tibial artery
256
Q

What are the movements of the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint?

A 
Inversion: 
  -Adduction
  -Supination
  -Plantarflexion
Eversion:
  -Abduction
  -Pronation 
  -Dorsiflexion
257
Q

Movements of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint

A

Inversion (close packed)

Eversion

258
Q

Movements of the Calcaneocubiod joint

A

Triplanar

259
Q

What is Pes Cavus

A

Pes cavus is a multiplanar foot deformity characterised by an abnormally high medial longitudinal arch.

260
Q

What is Pes Planus

A

Pes planus is a condition in which the longitudinal arch in the foot, which runs lengthwise along the sole of the foot, has not developed normally and is lowered or flattened out.

261
Q

Why is the foot stable in Dorsiflexion but not in Plantarflexion?

A

The most stable position of the ankle is in dorsiflexion. As the ankle moves into plantarflexion, the talus glides anteriorly and the ankle becomes less stable, which is why most ankle sprains involve some degree of plantarflexion as the mechanism.

262
Q

True or False: The Atlas has a Vetebral Body

A

False

Anatomy II (3 decks)

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