Exam 2 Flashcards
Describe the major functions of the respiratory system
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
Regulation of body pH to maintain homeostasis
Protection of body pH to maintain homeostasis
Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
Sense of smell
Vocalization, production of sound
Describe the parts of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System: -Nose and nasal cavity -Paranasal sinuses -Pharynx Lower Respiratory System: -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchial Tree -Alveoli -Lungs -Pleurae
four major respiratory processes
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
gas transport
internap respiration
pulmonary ventilation
(breathing)
Inspiration=air into the lungs
Expiration=air out of the lungs
external respiration
oxygen (O2) moves from lungs to blood; Carbon dioxide (CO2) moves from blood to lungs
gas transport
transport in blood-works with cardiovascular system
internal respiration
O2 moves from blood to tissue; CO2 moves from tissue to blood
Describe the respiratory mucosa
Mucosa: (or mucous membrane) lines the lumen of all organs that open to the outside of the body, such as respiratory system, digestive system, or urinary system. Consists of the epithelium and a loose areolar connective layer called the lamina propria
how does the mucosa help “condition” air
The Respiratory System conditions the air by warming, humidifying, and filtering
Air needs to be 37 degrees celsius and 100% humidity when it hits the trachea
external nose
the external nose is formed by:
- frontal bone
- nasal bones
- maxillary bones
- hyaline cartilages
- -hyaline cartilages give noses their distinct shape and size
nose
passageway for air conditions air first line of defense respiratory mucosa sneeze reflex sense of smell resonance of speech nasolacrimal duct drains into nasal cavity
anatomy of the nasal cavity
nasal cavity-conducts air from nasal vestibule to nasopharynx
first line of defense-cleans, warms, and humidifies air
nasal conchae-increase surface area of mucosa, “turbinate bones”
paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct drain through small openings into nasal cavity
sneeze reflex, allergies triggered here
sense of smell-olfactory area at top of nasal cavity of cranial nerve 2
nasal cavity two types of mucous membrane
olfactory mucosa
respiratory mucosa
olfactory mucosa
OM
lines the superior of nasal cavity (on superior concha) and contains olfactory neurons extending through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
respiratory mucosa
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Goblet cells
-cilia move mucus toward the throat
-cilia paralyzed by smoke, become sluggish in cold weather
seromucous glands-mucus and lyzosyme (trap and kill bacteria)
watery mucus humidifies air
sensory nerve endings-sneeze reflex
highly vascular-warming the air, but also result in nosebleed
-filters, warms, and humidifies incoming; reclaims heat and moisture when exhaling
paranasal sinuses
hollow spaces in the skull bones
these air-filled spaces lighten the weight of the skull and add resonance to speech
the spaces are lined by respiratory mucosa, watery mucus secretions drain into the nasal cavity
sinus headache when inflamed, drainage is blocked
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones have sinuses
pharynx
skeletal muscle tube connecting nasal cavity and mouth to esophagus-the “throat”; also directs air to lower respiratory system
nasopharynx
posterior to the nasal cavity passage of air only pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube
oropharynx
posterior to the oral cavity
passage of air and food
stratified squamous epithelium
palatine and lingual tonsils
laryngopharynx
posterior to the larynx
passage of air and food
stratified squamous epithelium
food has “the right of way”
conducting zone structures
warms, humidifies, and cleans air (passageways)-includes all the structures that deliver air to respiratory zone
the first 11 branches of the airway
respiratory zone structures
specialized for gas exchange (alveoli)
the 12 branch of the airway until the alveoli (at the 24th branch)
functions of the larynx
provide a patent (open) airway (cartilaginous structure) epiglottis directs food to esophagus and away from airway voice production (vocal ligaments)
larynx arrangement of cartilages
connected by membranes and ligaments (9 cartilages)
thyroid cartilage-edam’s apple
–larger in men after puberty (testosterone)
epiglottis
–elastic cartilage covered by mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
–during swallowing the epiglottis closes over opening of larynx