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Herpetology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amphibious means

A

Greek for living a double life

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2
Q

Caudata means

A

With tail

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3
Q

Anura means

A

Without tail

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4
Q

Gymnophiona means

A

Without foot

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5
Q

Amniote

A

Lay their eggs on land or retain fertilize eggs in the mother

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6
Q

Anamniotes

A

Typically lay there eggs in water

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7
Q

Urostyle

A

In anurans the post sacral vertebrae are fused into a rod like structure

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8
Q

Defining characteristics

A

Amniote, urostyle, cutaneous respiration, three chambered heart, left lung smaller, pedicellate teeth (2 part), Green rods in the retina is to discriminate hues, Ectothermic, obligate breeders, if you Texar give birth to live young, others in bed the eggs on their skin until they hatch.

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9
Q

Pedicellate teeth

A

The crowns of the teeth are separated from the roots by a zone of fibrous tissue

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10
Q

Batrachians

A

The monophyletic group that caudate and anurans formed

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11
Q

Lissamphibians

A

Batrachians and gymnophiona form this monophyletic group

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12
Q

Systematics

A

The study of evolution and classification of organisms

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13
Q

Regional diversity

A

Anurans occur throughout the world are most diverse in the tropics
Caudate are most diverse in the northern continents
Gymnophiona are restricted to the tropics.
Although amphibians are generally restricted to moist environments many species venture far from freestanding water and inhabit trees rocky cliffs and soil Burrows underneath the ground

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14
Q

Size matters

A

Large anurans, with wider gapes tend to eat larger prey

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15
Q

Importance of metamorphosis

A

This is important to remember in reference to anurans, juvenile Lava\tad poles are herbivorous while adults are carnivorous.
Digestive tract gets shorter.

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16
Q

Common ancestor of gymnophiona, Caudata, Anura

A

Stegocephalia

Ichthyostega

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17
Q

Holotype

A

A single physical example or specimen or occasionally illustration\description of an organism

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18
Q

Koolasuchus

A

Beelzebufo ampigna the “Devil Toad” found on the super continent Gondwana. Suggests a land connection between South America, Madagascar, and possibly Antarctica may have existed as late as 65 to 70 million years ago

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19
Q

Integumentary

A

Skin functions as an organ of Osmoregulation and respiration

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20
Q

Mucous and granular

A

All amphibians have these poison or Serous glands. All have a level of toxicity

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21
Q

Moisture

A

Critical to respiration. As much as 90% of an amphibians oxygen needs are met by passive transport through the skin and it’s capillary vessels for respiration. Dried up equals suffocation

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22
Q

Integumentary

A

Present in amphibian larva and in fully aquatic adult species. Mechanosensitive System comparable to the musculoskeletal system

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23
Q

Polyphyodont

A

Animals whose teeth are continuously replaced

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24
Q

Diphyodonts

A

Two successive sets of teeth

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25
Q

Hyobranchial apparatus (hyoid apparatus)

A

Muscles associated with the Hyobranchium, mandible, and cranium, form the mechanical system used to secure food

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26
Q

Buccal pump

A

When muscles in the floor of the mouth contract, the volume of the buccal chamber is reduced, and air is forced through the open nostrils and into the lungs. The nares are then closed and muscles are contracted

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27
Q

Four stroke

A

This method is used by some amphibians and has several stages

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28
Q

Two-stroke

A

This method processes more quickly and is seen in most extant reptiles but does not involve about 20% mixing

29
Q

What is the first vertebra behind the head

A

Atlas then the second is axis

30
Q

Atlas and axis

A

In virtually all amphibians, this pair of hemispherical depressions into which the pair of rounded condyles fit, create a particular arrangement which illuminates the ability to move the head from side to side

31
Q

Forelimbs consist of….

A

Humerus (upper arm)radius and ulna(forearm) and a hand with four or fewer digits

32
Q

Hind limb consist of….

A

Femur, tibia, and Fibia, and a foot with five or fewer digits

33
Q

Three chambered heart

A

Virtually all amphibians except Sirenidae and Proteidae possess these

34
Q

Lungs

A

They are present in most amphibians but 90% of breathing occurs cutaneously

35
Q

Lungs in aquatic amphibians

A

The lungs seem to be more important as Hydro static (buoyancy) as opposed to respiratory organs

36
Q

Intermaxillary glands

A 
Sticky secretion ( food lube) that helps in prey acquisition. 
Prey is not chewed.
The pharynx produces the mucus that helps move food into the thin walled esophagus and into the stomach
37
Q

The terminal part of the digestive tract

A

Cloaca which opens to the outside by means of the vent

38
Q

Urogenital system

A

The reproductive and excretory systems are closely aligned with one another to form this

39
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The ability to store urine prevent this from drawing water from the animals tissue

40
Q

Anura distribution

A

Most live in lower elevations, found Nearly worldwide. In desert range regions (restricted to oasis) except for Antarctica Greenland Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia and some oceanic islands.

41
Q

Anura Southernmost distribution

A

The Strait of Magellan

42
Q

Characteristics of Anura

A

Shortened vertebral column
Presence of Urostyle formed from developing tail vertebra.
Absence of tail in adults
Hindlimb longer than forelimb
Fusion of radius and owner into a single element as well as fusion of tibia and fibula.
Fusion of separate Hyobranchial elements into a hyobranchial plate
A tongue that lacks skeletal support.
Tadpoles have keratinous beaks and denticles, as well as a single medial spiracle.
To protractor lentis muscles attached to lens

43
Q

How do frogs swallow

A

Eyes shunt down into the mouth to shove the prey item down the throat

44
Q

Body structure (Anura)

A

Shortened vertebral column, robust pectoral girdle, and four limbs readily absorbed shock

45
Q

Anura Families of focus

A

Bufonidae
Hylidae
Pipidae

46
Q

Bufonidae

A

“True Toads”
Posses Parotoid glands
Bidders organ

47
Q

Parotoid glands

A

Prominent Oregon behind the ear.

When disturbed the total discharge milky toxins from the glands and sometimes through the air

48
Q

Bidders organ

A

Gonadal tissue that retains female attributes in male toads.
Females are a default sex.
If the testes of an adult toad are removed surgically the bidders Organ will transform into a fully functional ovary.

49
Q

Bufonidae Reproductive behaviors

A

Small pigmented eggs that are enclosed single file in strings of jelly like material. No globular masses.
Performs auxiliary amplexus, Grasping from behind directly after forelimbs

50
Q

Amplexus

A

The mating embrace of a frog or toad during which eggs are shed into the water and then fertilized.
They are usually laid in temporary ponds. Eggs will develop quickly and most will die.

51
Q

Houston toad

Bufonidae houstonensis

A

Amplexus lasts a minimum of six hours.

Considered endangered on the IUCN red list of threatened species. Houston zoo is leading in conservation.

52
Q

Golden toad

Incilius periglenes

A

Unique in the sense that both sexes are brightly colored.
Extreme sexual dimorphism.
Although colors indicate toxins no true known toxins are discovered within the species.
Males may battle in attempt to dislodge a male already in amplexus.
Officially extinct in 2004

53
Q

Hylidae Characteristics

A

Casque heads
Teeth on maxilla and premaxilla. Most have teeth on Vomers.
Most have prominent tympanum (External ears)
Terminal discs.

54
Q

Terminal discs (digits) hylidae

A

These discs are expanded and adhesive in arboreal species

55
Q

Most acoustic species

A

Hylidae

56
Q

Hylidae Male gladiator frogs

A

Attack and shooters with the sharp spines at the base of their thumbs

57
Q

Hylidae Predator avoidance

A

Parachuting

58
Q

Hylidae Reproductive behavior

A

Responds greatly to rainfall.
Species inhabiting humid forest me breed year-round.
No parental care exist exception is with only a few.
After deposition of clutch female will return to breeding site and deposit more eggs for food for tadpoles

59
Q

White tree frog
Litoria caerulea
Hylidae

A

Husbandry: substrate should be a fine particulate soil or ground coconut fiber which retains moisture well and the small particle size will not impact the frogs got if ingested.
Heavy rains can be stimulated in captivity
Cool shedding
Significance to humans:
Caerulin- A drug used to stimulate smooth muscle and increase digestive secretions

60
Q

Caerulin

A

A drug used to stimulate smooth muscle and increased digestive secretions. Derived from the whites tree frog

61
Q

Red eyed tree frog
Agalychnis callidryas
Hylidae

A

Females will descend into the pond where she absorbs water, the leaf is usually folded around egg clutch and hatchlings will drop into water.

62
Q

Pipidae Characteristics

A

Primitive tongue-less frogs.
Highly aquatic and rarely venture out of the water.
Loss of tongue is an example of an evolutionary adaptation for life in the water.
Lateral lines appearing as a series of stitches.
Produce clicking calls
Tympanum is absent, Transmit sound vibrations through the inner ear.
Will barrow in the mud at the bottom of ponds or swamps.
Can estivate up to several months.
During rains they will undertake short overland excursions at night and .move from one body of water to another.
Shreds the prey with its hind limbs and uses for limbs to shed prey into its mouth.
Both sexes vocalize.

63
Q

Lateral line

A

A system of tactile sense organs that are unique to amphibians, aquatic invertebrates and cycllostome fishes

64
Q

Inguinal amplexus

A

Exhibited in pipidae Grasping at waist region

65
Q

Pipidae Important to humans

A

Scientist are discovering substances found in the skin glands which include magainins. Antimicrobial peptides inhibit the growth of numerous bacteria and fungi

66
Q

Surinam toad

Pipa pipa

A

What we know of them is from observation in captivity since this code is lacking in tea it will lunch at its prey while opening its mouth it was an inflated body creating a vacuum where the parade is sucked into its mouth
Female initiates circular tart turnovers while they are together in and plexus together they move to the surface of the water for air while at the surface they flip to flow on their backs and the female will release the eggs allowing them to fall on the mail stomach. They will then flip it to their original position where the mail will now loosen his grip the eggs will roll onto the females back where he will simultaneously fertilize them. Roughly 100 eggs are laid and fertilized, they are pressed into the back of the female the eggs will adhere to the females back not sticking to the other eggs within hours after fertilization the egg Will sink into the female skin and her skin will grow around the eggs completely and closing them. After 12 to 20 weeks the female will molt and the young emerge as tailless flat frogs

67
Q

African Clawed frog
Xenopus laevis
Pipidae

A

Lives in warm stagnant grassland ponds usually covered in green algae.
Can tolerate a wide variety of PH
Males develop nuptial pads on the underside of forearms to grasp the female during braiding.
These frogs do not carry their eggs on their back.

68
Q

Major exceptions

A

Ascaphus truei

The exception to “without tail”
Pacific tailed frog
Coastal tailed frog
Western tailed frog

69
Q

Ascaphus truei

A

The tale is a bony copulatory organ. Extension of the cloaca, used to transfer sperm into the females cloaca during amplexus.
Internal fertilization allows for these frogs to breed in fast-moving water

Herpetology (3 decks)

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