Exam 2

Question 1

how does classical conditioning work?

Answer 1

1. repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence
2. we associate the stimuli with each other
   ex. lightning- then knowing next is thunder

Question 2

Neutral stimulus

Answer 2

a stimulus which does not trigger a response

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus and response

Answer 3

stimulus which triggers a response naturally

Question 4

gneralization

Answer 4

the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli

Question 5

discrimination

Answer 5

the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization

Question 6

extinction

Answer 6

occurs and involves unlearning the association just through time or learning a different association

Question 7

spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

occurs only after a conditioned response has been conditioned and then extinguished

Question 8

how does operant condition work?

Answer 8

1. a behavior is followed by a reward or punitive feedback from the environment
   operant: voluntary behavior accidentally brings about consequence
   result: reinforced behavior is more likely to be tried again or punished behavior is less likely to be tried again

Question 9

shaping

Answer 9

reinforcers guide behavior that toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
negative reinforcement is not punishment, it just removes something unpleasant

Question 10

fixed ratio

Answer 10

reinforces after a set number of responses

high rate of responding

Question 11

variable ratio

Answer 11

reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses

high, consistent responding that resists extinction

Question 12

fixed interval

Answer 12

reinforces after a set amount of time has elapsed

slow, unsustained responding

Question 13

variable interval

Answer 13

reinforces after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

slow, consistent responding

Question 14

observational learning

Answer 14

learning by observing others

Question 15

cognition in observational learning

Answer 15

noticing consequences

Question 16

modeling in observational learning

Answer 16

an example of how to respond in a situation

Question 17

instinctive drift

Answer 17

animals learn behaviors associated with biological predisposition easier

Question 18

growth mindset

Answer 18

qualities can change and improve with effort

Question 19

fixed mindset

Answer 19

qualities cannot change

Question 20

encoding

Answer 20

the processing of information into the memory system

Question 21

retrieval

Answer 21

the process of getting information out of storage

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

encoding on a basic level

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

encoding based on meaning; produces better memory

Question 24

elaboration

Answer 24

link new information to information already in memory

Question 25

atkinson-shiffrin theory

Answer 25

1. stimuli recorded by the senses and held a sensory memory
2. information is next processed into the short-term memory and is encoded by rehearsal
3. information moves into long-term memory available for later retrieval

Question 26

sensory memory

Answer 26

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information

Question 27

short term memory

Answer 27

information stored for about 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain that information

Question 28

working memory

Answer 28

conscious, active processing of incoming information

Question 29

episodic memory

Answer 29

long-term memory for personal experience

Question 30

semantic memory

Answer 30

general world knowledge, conceptual knowledge

Question 31

implicit

Answer 31

unconsciously encoded

Question 32

procedural memory

Answer 32

automatic skills, well practiced knowledge

Question 33

retrograde

Answer 33

old memories inaccessible

Question 34

anterograde

Answer 34

inability to form new memories

Question 35

interference

Answer 35

proactive occurs when past information interfere with learning new info or retroactive where there are problems with old memories