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ANT 113 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment, and the results of that process; the characteristics of organisms that fit them to the particular set of conditions of the environment in which they are generally found

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes

A

Horticulture

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3
Q

a system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it

A

Ecosystem

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4
Q

cultural change over time; not to be confused with progress

A

Culture Evolution

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5
Q

the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection

A

Progress

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6
Q

in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures

A

Convergent Evolution

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7
Q

in cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were similar

A

Parallel Evolution

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8
Q

a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow similar patterns of life

A

Culture Area

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9
Q

the concept of viewing a culture in terms of the relation of its particular technology to the environment that technology exploits

A

Culture Type

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10
Q

the study of the interaction of specific human cultures with their environment

A

Cultural Ecology

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11
Q

the features of a culture that play a part in matters relating to the society’s way of making a living

A

Culture Core

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12
Q

anthropologists who seek to understand the principles behind folk ideologies and the way these ideologies inform people about their environment and help people survive

A

Ethnoscientists

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13
Q

the number of people the available resources can support at a given technological level

A

Carrying Capacity

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14
Q

roughly, the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp or other residential unit

A

Density of Social Relations

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15
Q

an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural form of vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted amongst the ashes [also known as “slash-and-burn” agriculture]

A

Swidden Farming

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16
Q

member of a society that regards animal husbandry as the ideal way of making a living and considers movement of all or part of the society a normal and natural way of life

A

Pastoralist

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17
Q

pattern of strict seasonal human movement between different environmental zones

A

Transhumance

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18
Q

the kinds of urban settlements characteristic of non industrial civilizations

A

Pre-Industrial Cities

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19
Q

tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them

A

Technology

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20
Q

a societal obligation compelling a family to distribute goods, so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else

A

Leveling Mechanism

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21
Q

the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties

A

Reciprocity

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22
Q

a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified

A

Generalized Reciprocity

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23
Q

a mode of exchange whereby the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery

A

Balanced Reciprocity

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24
Q

a form of exchange whereby the giver tries to get the better of the exchange

A

Negative Reciprocity

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25
Q

a form of barter with no verbal communication

A

Silent Trade

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26
Q

a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated

A

Redistribution

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27
Q

a term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe the display of wealth for social prestige

A

Conspicuous Consumption

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28
Q

the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by powers of supply and demand

A

Market Exchange

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29
Q

something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value

A

Money

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30
Q

the production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation, or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing

A

Informal Economy

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31
Q

a residential kin group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult male joined through marriage or blood relationship

A

Family

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32
Q

a family consisting of related women, their offspring, and the women’s brothers

A

Consanguine Family

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33
Q

a family unit consisting of husband, wife, and dependent children

A

Nuclear Family

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34
Q

the marriage custom of a man having two or more wives simultaneously; a form of polygamy

A

Polygyny

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35
Q

the marriage custom of a woman having two or more husbands simultaneously; a form of polygamy

A

Polyandry

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36
Q

a marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession

A

Serial Monogamy

37
Q

any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership. fundamental to tribal society

A

Descent Group

38
Q

descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership

A

Matrilineal (uterine) Descent

39
Q

descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership

A

Patrilineal (agnatic) Descent

40
Q

descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the mother’s or the father’s line, but never both

A

Unilineal Descent

41
Q

a corporate descent group whose members trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor

A

Lineage

42
Q

a non corporate descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor

A

Clan

43
Q

the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits

A

Totemism

44
Q

“blood” relatives

A

Consanguine al Relative

45
Q

relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (e.g., son’s wife) or collaterals (e.g., sister’s husband)

A

Affinal Relative

46
Q 
personal relationships modeled on kinship, based on adoption,
religious practice (compadre, godparents, godchildren, etc.), or
honor ("Uncle" Henry)
A

Fictive Kin

47
Q

kin in your direct line of descent, i.e., any of ego’s ancestors or descendants (e.g., parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren); relatives on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego

A

Lineal Relative

48
Q

a biological relative who is not a lineal, such as Br, Si, FaBr, or MoSi

A

Collateral Relative

49
Q

descent traced through both sexes: mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on

A

Bilateral Descent

50
Q

members of the same patrilineal descent group

A

Agnates

51
Q

kin related through either the father (male filiation) or the mother (female filiation)

A

Cognates

52
Q

males descend through males, females through females

A

Bilineal Descent

53
Q

individual has membership in father’s group for some purposes and mother’s group for others

A

Double Descent

54
Q

principle of descent that allows the children to affiliate with either the mothers or fathers group and does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters

A

Ambilineal

55
Q

one of two descent groups in a given population. usually one moiety intermarries with the other

A

Moiety

56
Q

what you call someone when talking to them, e.g., “Nanna”

A

Terms of Address

57
Q

what you call someone when talking about them, e.g., “my grandmother”

A

Terms of Reference

58
Q

expanded household including three or more generations

A

Extended Family

59
Q

nuclear family in which one is born and grows up

A

Family of Orientation

60
Q

nuclear family established when one marries and has children

A

Family of Procreation

61
Q

child of a mother’s brother or a father’s sister

A

Cross Cousins

62
Q

child of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister

A

Parallel Cousins

63
Q

Latin for “I” and in kinship charts represents the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy

A

Ego

64
Q

parental generation kin terminology with four terms: one for Mo, one for Fa, one for FaBr and MoBr, and one for MoSi and FaSi

A

Lineal Kinship Terminology

65
Q

kinship terminology with only two terms for the parental generation, one designating Mo, MoSi, and FaSi, and the other designating Fa, FaBr, and MoBr

A

Generational Kinship Terminolgy

66
Q

kinship terminology employing separate terms for Mo, Fa, MoBr, MoSi, FaBr, and FaSi

A

Bifurcate Collateral Kinship Terminology

67
Q

kinship terminology in which Mo and MoSi are called by the same term, Fa and FaBr are called by the same term, and MoBr and FaSi are called by different terms

A

Bifurcate Merging Kinship Terminology

68
Q

residence with or near the bride’s kin

A

Matrilocal

69
Q

residence with or near the groom’s kin

A

Patrilocal

70
Q

residence with the wife’s relatives after marriage

A

Uxorilocal

71
Q

residence with the husband’s relatives after marriage

A

Virilocal

72
Q

the couple may reside with either the husband’s or the wife’s group

A

Ambilocal

73
Q

married couple have a choice of living near or with the family of either the groom or the bride

A

Bilocal

74
Q

a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents

A

Neolocal

75
Q

according to Mann, the social-science word for intermingiling without intermixing

A

Interdigitization

76
Q

large or giant mammals, such as Mammoths, giant horses or bison

A

Megafauna

77
Q

the material a Clovis point is made from

A

Chert

78
Q

type of material used for Radio-carbon dating

A

Organic Material

79
Q

the date in the Ice Free Corridor theory that the first Americans crossed Berengia and walked down the ice free corridor into the Americas

A

13,500 Years BP

80
Q

the first director of the Smithsonian who was a very skeptical man

A

Ales Hrdlicka

81
Q

the First complex culture in Mesoamerica

A

Olmec

82
Q

they have the second oldest continuously existing representative parliament on earth, which was established in 1142 A.D.

A

The Haudenosaunee

83
Q

the country in which potatoes were first developed

A

Peru

84
Q

Cahokia was built with this kind of unstable material

A

Clay

85
Q

the number of calendars developed in mesoamerica

A

Three

86
Q

the first named person found in writing in the Americas

A

1 Earthquake

87
Q

the central crop of Native American societies

A

Corn

88
Q

the number of languages that Native Americans spoke at contact

A

1200

89
Q

one of the greatest achievements of early Mesoamerican cultures is this independent invention

A

Zero

ANT 113 (3 decks)

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