Exam 2 Flashcards
a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment, and the results of that process; the characteristics of organisms that fit them to the particular set of conditions of the environment in which they are generally found
Adaptation
cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
Horticulture
a system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it
Ecosystem
cultural change over time; not to be confused with progress
Culture Evolution
the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection
Progress
in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures
Convergent Evolution
in cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were similar
Parallel Evolution
a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow similar patterns of life
Culture Area
the concept of viewing a culture in terms of the relation of its particular technology to the environment that technology exploits
Culture Type
the study of the interaction of specific human cultures with their environment
Cultural Ecology
the features of a culture that play a part in matters relating to the society’s way of making a living
Culture Core
anthropologists who seek to understand the principles behind folk ideologies and the way these ideologies inform people about their environment and help people survive
Ethnoscientists
the number of people the available resources can support at a given technological level
Carrying Capacity
roughly, the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp or other residential unit
Density of Social Relations
an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural form of vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted amongst the ashes [also known as “slash-and-burn” agriculture]
Swidden Farming
member of a society that regards animal husbandry as the ideal way of making a living and considers movement of all or part of the society a normal and natural way of life
Pastoralist
pattern of strict seasonal human movement between different environmental zones
Transhumance
the kinds of urban settlements characteristic of non industrial civilizations
Pre-Industrial Cities
tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
Technology
a societal obligation compelling a family to distribute goods, so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else
Leveling Mechanism
the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties
Reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified
Generalized Reciprocity
a mode of exchange whereby the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery
Balanced Reciprocity
a form of exchange whereby the giver tries to get the better of the exchange
Negative Reciprocity
a form of barter with no verbal communication
Silent Trade
a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated
Redistribution
a term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe the display of wealth for social prestige
Conspicuous Consumption
the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by powers of supply and demand
Market Exchange
something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value
Money
the production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation, or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing
Informal Economy
a residential kin group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult male joined through marriage or blood relationship
Family
a family consisting of related women, their offspring, and the women’s brothers
Consanguine Family
a family unit consisting of husband, wife, and dependent children
Nuclear Family
the marriage custom of a man having two or more wives simultaneously; a form of polygamy
Polygyny
the marriage custom of a woman having two or more husbands simultaneously; a form of polygamy
Polyandry
a marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession
Serial Monogamy
any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership. fundamental to tribal society
Descent Group
descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership
Matrilineal (uterine) Descent
descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership
Patrilineal (agnatic) Descent
descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the mother’s or the father’s line, but never both
Unilineal Descent
a corporate descent group whose members trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor
Lineage
a non corporate descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor
Clan
the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits
Totemism
“blood” relatives
Consanguine al Relative
relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (e.g., son’s wife) or collaterals (e.g., sister’s husband)
Affinal Relative
personal relationships modeled on kinship, based on adoption,
religious practice (compadre, godparents, godchildren, etc.), or
honor ("Uncle" Henry)Fictive Kin
kin in your direct line of descent, i.e., any of ego’s ancestors or descendants (e.g., parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren); relatives on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego
Lineal Relative
a biological relative who is not a lineal, such as Br, Si, FaBr, or MoSi
Collateral Relative
descent traced through both sexes: mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on
Bilateral Descent
members of the same patrilineal descent group
Agnates
kin related through either the father (male filiation) or the mother (female filiation)
Cognates
males descend through males, females through females
Bilineal Descent
individual has membership in father’s group for some purposes and mother’s group for others
Double Descent
principle of descent that allows the children to affiliate with either the mothers or fathers group and does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters
Ambilineal
one of two descent groups in a given population. usually one moiety intermarries with the other
Moiety
what you call someone when talking to them, e.g., “Nanna”
Terms of Address
what you call someone when talking about them, e.g., “my grandmother”
Terms of Reference
expanded household including three or more generations
Extended Family
nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
Family of Orientation
nuclear family established when one marries and has children
Family of Procreation
child of a mother’s brother or a father’s sister
Cross Cousins
child of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister
Parallel Cousins
Latin for “I” and in kinship charts represents the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy
Ego
parental generation kin terminology with four terms: one for Mo, one for Fa, one for FaBr and MoBr, and one for MoSi and FaSi
Lineal Kinship Terminology
kinship terminology with only two terms for the parental generation, one designating Mo, MoSi, and FaSi, and the other designating Fa, FaBr, and MoBr
Generational Kinship Terminolgy
kinship terminology employing separate terms for Mo, Fa, MoBr, MoSi, FaBr, and FaSi
Bifurcate Collateral Kinship Terminology
kinship terminology in which Mo and MoSi are called by the same term, Fa and FaBr are called by the same term, and MoBr and FaSi are called by different terms
Bifurcate Merging Kinship Terminology
residence with or near the bride’s kin
Matrilocal
residence with or near the groom’s kin
Patrilocal
residence with the wife’s relatives after marriage
Uxorilocal
residence with the husband’s relatives after marriage
Virilocal
the couple may reside with either the husband’s or the wife’s group
Ambilocal
married couple have a choice of living near or with the family of either the groom or the bride
Bilocal
a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents
Neolocal
according to Mann, the social-science word for intermingiling without intermixing
Interdigitization
large or giant mammals, such as Mammoths, giant horses or bison
Megafauna
the material a Clovis point is made from
Chert
type of material used for Radio-carbon dating
Organic Material
the date in the Ice Free Corridor theory that the first Americans crossed Berengia and walked down the ice free corridor into the Americas
13,500 Years BP
the first director of the Smithsonian who was a very skeptical man
Ales Hrdlicka
the First complex culture in Mesoamerica
Olmec
they have the second oldest continuously existing representative parliament on earth, which was established in 1142 A.D.
The Haudenosaunee
the country in which potatoes were first developed
Peru
Cahokia was built with this kind of unstable material
Clay
the number of calendars developed in mesoamerica
Three
the first named person found in writing in the Americas
1 Earthquake
the central crop of Native American societies
Corn
the number of languages that Native Americans spoke at contact
1200
one of the greatest achievements of early Mesoamerican cultures is this independent invention
Zero
