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ANT 113 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of humankind, in all times and places

A

Anthropology

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2
Q

the systematic study of humans as biological organisms

A

Physical Anthropology

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3
Q

the branch of anthropology that focuses on human behavior

A

Cultural Anthropology

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4
Q

field of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

A

Forensic Anthropology

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5
Q

theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of ones own culture

A

Culture-Bound

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6
Q

the study of material remains, usually from the past, to describe and explain human behavior

A

Archeology

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7
Q

the branch of cultural anthropology that studies human language

A

Linguistic Anthropology

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8
Q

an anthropologist who studies cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts

A

Ethnologist

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9
Q

the systematic description of a culture based on firsthand observation

A

Ethnography

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10
Q

in ethnography, the technique of learning a people’s culture through direct participation in their everyday life for an extended period

A

Participant Observation

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11
Q

a fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence

A

Holistic Perspective

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12
Q

members of a society in which the ethnographer works who help interpret what she or he sees taking place

A

Informants

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13
Q

the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve “practical” problems, often for a specific client

A

Applied Anthropology

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14
Q

an observation verified by several observers skilled in the necessary techniques of observation

A

Fact

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15
Q

a tentative explanation of the relation between certain phenomena

A

Hypothesis

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16
Q

in science, an explanation of natural phenomena supported by reliable data

A

Theory

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17
Q

the study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories, accounts left by explorers, missionaries, and traders, and through analysis of data such as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival material

A

Ethnohistory

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18
Q

the ideals, values, and beliefs shared by members of a society, that they use to interpret experience and generate behavior and that are reflected in their behavior

A

Culture

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19
Q

a group of interdependent people who share a common culture

A

Society

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20
Q

the rule-governed relationships of individuals and groups within a society that hold it together

A

Social Structure

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21
Q

the elaborations and meanings cultures assign to the biological differentiation of the sexes

A

Gender

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22
Q

a distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates

A

Subculture

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23
Q

societies in which there exist a diversity of cultural patterns

A

Pluralistic Societies

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24
Q

the process by which a society’s culture is passed from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society

A

Enculturation

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25
Q

the tendency for all aspects of a culture to function as an interrelated whole

A

Integration

26
Q

a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment and the results of that process; the characteristics of organisms that fit them to the particular set of conditions of the environment in which they are generally found

A

Adaptation

27
Q

the belief that the ways of one’s own culture are the only proper ones

A

Ethnocentrism

28
Q

the thesis that one must suspend judgement on other peoples’ practices [and beliefs and values] in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

A

Cultural Relativism

29
Q

system of communication using sounds or gestures put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules

A

Language

30
Q

sounds or gestures that stand for meanings among a group of people

A

Symbols

31
Q

a sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

A

Signal

32
Q

the modern scientific study of all aspects of language

A

Linguistics

33
Q

the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds

A

Phonetics

34
Q

in linguistics, the smallest classes of sound that make a difference in meaning

A

Phonemes

35
Q

the study of the sound patterns of language

A

Phonology

36
Q

in linguistics, the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning

A

Morphemes

37
Q

a sound that can occur in a language only in combination with other sounds, as s in English does to signify the plural

A

Bound Morpheme

38
Q

morphemes that can occur unattached in a language; for example, dog and cat are free morphemes in English

A

Free Morpheme

39
Q

a method used to identify the syntactic units of language. For example, a category called nouns may be established as anything that will fit the substitution frame “ I see a “

A

Frame Substitution

40
Q

in linguistics, the rules or principles of phrase and sentence making

A

Syntax

41
Q

the entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about the morphemes and syntax

A

Grammar

42
Q

the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentence

A

Form Classes

43
Q

a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages

A

Kinesics

44
Q

the extralinguistic noises that accompany language, such as crying or laughing

A

Paralanguage

45
Q

in paralanguage, the background characteristics of a speaker’s voice

A

Voice Qualities

46
Q

identifiable paralinguistic noises turned on and off at perceivable and relatively short intervals

A

Vocalizations

47
Q

in paralanguage, sound productions such as laughing or crying that humans “speak” through

A

Vocal Characterizers

48
Q

in paralanguage, sound productions of brief duration that modify utterances in terms of intensity

A

Vocal Qualifiers

49
Q

in paralanguage, sound productions that are similar to the sounds of language, but do not appear in sequences that can properly be called words

A

Vocal Segregates

50
Q

a group of languages ultimately descended from a single ancestral language

A

Language Family

51
Q

the development of different languages from a single ancestral language

A

Linguistic Divergence

52
Q

in linguistics, a method of dating divergence in branches of language families

A

Glottochronology

53
Q

in language, pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects

A

Core Vocabulary

54
Q

the attempt by ethnic minorities, even countries, to proclaim independence by purging their languages of foreign terms or reviving unused languages

A

Linguistic Nationalism

55
Q

The study of the relation between language and culture

A

Ethnolinguistics

56
Q

the hypothesis, proposed by linguist R. L. Whorf, that states that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way and thus guides their thinking and behavior

A

Sapier-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity)

57
Q

varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

A

Dialects

58
Q

the study of the structure and use of language as it relates to its social settings

A

Sociolinguistics

59
Q

the process of changing from one level of language to another

A

Code Switching

60
Q

the ability to refer to objects and events removed in time and space

A

Displacement

ANT 113 (3 decks)

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