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Lifespan > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was piaget and what did he do

A

he was one of the most influential development theorists of the 20th century
he carefully observed children(especially his own son) and used this info to form the theory that human cogntion develops not so much through traditional learning processes as through changes in the way children approach problems(believed that infants learn by doing)

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2
Q

piaget believed that all children pass through a series of universal stages in a fixed order. what are the stages

A
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational
  • concrete operations
  • formal operations
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3
Q

during the stages, piaget believed that

A
  • both quantity and quality of knowledge increase
  • focus is on the change in understanding that occurs as child moves through stages
  • movement through stages occurs with physical maturation & experience with environment
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4
Q

what are schemes

A

organized patterns of sensoriment functioning

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5
Q

what is assimilation

A

when people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development & way of thinking
ex: sucking on every toy the same way or calling all animals dogs

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6
Q

what is accomodation

A

the change in existing ways of thinking that occur in respone to encounters with new stimuli or events
ex: sucking on things based on shape, calling all flying animals birds

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7
Q

what are the 6 substages on the sensorimotor stage of development?

A

1) Simple reflexes
2) 1st habits & primary circular reactions
3) Secondary circular reactions
4) coordination of secondary circular
5) teritary circular reactions
6) beginnings of thought

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8
Q

What happens in the 1st substage of the sensorimotor development

A

1) Simple reflexes
- 1st month of life
- various reflexes determine the infants interactions with the world

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9
Q

What happens in the 2nd substage of the sensorimotor development

A

2) 1st habits & primary circular reactions
- from 1-4 months of age
- coordination of actions
- circular reactions
- primary circular events occur

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10
Q

what is a circular reaction

A

an activity that permits the construction of cognitive schemes through reptition of a chance motor event

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11
Q

what are primary circular reactions

A

enjoyable actions on his/her body

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12
Q

What happens in the 3rd substage of the sensorimotor development

A

3) Secondary circular reactions
- 4-8 mnths
- begins to act on world
- secondary circular reactions
- vocalization increases & imitation

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13
Q

what are secondary circular reactions

A

repeated actions meant to bring about a desriable consequence on the outside world

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14
Q

What happens in the 4th substage of the sensorimotor development

A

4) Coordination of secondary circular reactions
- 8-12 mnths of age
- employs goal-directed behavior
- developemt of object permanance

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15
Q

what is goal-directed behavior

A

where several schemes are combined & coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem

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16
Q

what is object permanence

A

the realization that people and objects exists even when they cannot be seen

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17
Q

What happens in the 5th substage of the sensorimotor development

A

5) Tertiary circular reactions
- 12-18 mnths of age
- tertiary circular reactions happen

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18
Q

what are tertiary circular reactions

A

they involve the deliberate variation of actions to bring describable consequeces

  • minature “experiments” to observe consequences
  • interest in understanding the unexpected
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19
Q

What happens in the 6th substage of the sensorimotor development

A

6) Beginning of thought
- 18-24 mnths of age
- capacity for mental representation
child gains ability to pretend and deferred imitation

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20
Q

what is mental represenation

A

an internal image of a past event of object

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21
Q

what is deferred imitation

A

in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act

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22
Q

linguistic comprehnestion is the understanding of

A

speech

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23
Q

linguistic production is the use of language to

A

communicate

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24
Q

comprehension of language precedes

A

production of language

Understanding wha others means come before the ability to speech

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25
Q

infants show prelinguistic communication through

A

sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitations & other non-linguistic means

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26
Q

1st words are general spoken between

A

10-14 months

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27
Q

what are holphases

A

one-word utterances that depend on the particular context in which they are used ti determine meaning

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28
Q

by 15 months, the average child knows about

A

15 words

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29
Q

between 16-24 months, the average child knows about

A

100 words

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30
Q

by 18 months infants are using telegraphic speech which means?

A

where words not critical to the message are left out

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31
Q

what is stranger anxiety

A

the caution & wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
-appears in the 2nd half of the 1st year

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32
Q

infants with more experience with strangers tend to show

A

less anxiety

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33
Q

infants tend to show less anxiety with

A

female strangers and other children than males

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34
Q

what is seperation anxiety

A

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider deports

  • usually begins about 8 or 9 months and peaks at 14 months
  • starts slightly later than stranger anxiety
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35
Q

bother stranger and separation anxiety represent

A

important social progress. they reflect cognitive advances in the infant & growing emotions and social bonds

36
Q

what is attachment

A

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child & a particular individual

37
Q

what is the strange situation

A

developed by mary ainsworth, it is a sequence of 8 staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) their mother.

38
Q

what is securely attached children

A

60% use mother as a safe base, at ease as long as she is present, exploring when they can see her, upset when she leaves & go to her when she returns

39
Q

what is avoidant children

A

20% do not seek proximity to the mother, after she leaves they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior

40
Q

what is ambivalent children

A

10-15% display a combination of positive & negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

41
Q

what is trust vs mistrust stage (Ericksons theory of psychosocial development)

A

(birth-18mnths) during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caretakers

42
Q

what is autonomy vs shame and doubt stage (ericksons theory of psychosocial development)

A

Believed toddlers develop either independence and autonomy (if they are allowed the freedom to explore) or shame and doubt (if they are restricted and overprotected)

43
Q

what are easy babies

A

easy babies have a positive disposition. their body functions operate regualry and are adaptable. they are generally positive, showing curiosity about new situations and their emotions are moderate and low in intensity. 40 % of infants

44
Q

what are difficult babies

A

10% - have more negative moods & are slow to adapt to new situations. when confromted with new situtions, they tend to withdraw

45
Q

what are slow to warm babies

A

15% - inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to the environment. their moods are generally negative and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly

46
Q

what is lateralization

A

the process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other, becomes more pronounced during the pre-schools yrs

47
Q

what are gross motor skills

A

abilities required in order to control the large muscles

48
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

is the coordination of small muscles, in movements

49
Q

changes in body shape & structre occur during the preschool yrs.. what happens?

A
  • boys & girls become less chubby and roundish and get more slender
  • arms and legs lengthen
  • children grow stronger as musckle size increases and bones become sturdier
  • sense organs continue to develop
  • body propotions are more similar to those of an adult
50
Q

the growth rate ?? during the preschool stage

A

slows

51
Q

preschoolers need more or less food to maintain their growth

A

less

52
Q

encouraging children to eat more food may lead to increased food intake

A

know it

53
Q

give preschoolers food low in fat and high in nutritional value

A

know it

54
Q

what was piaget stage of preoperational thinking

A

he saw the preschool yrs as a time of both stability & great change
they are in this age from ages 2-7
it is characterized by symbolic thinking

55
Q

what is symbolic thinking

A

the ability to use symbols, words or an object to represent something that is not present
symbolic function is directly related to language acquisition

56
Q

centration def

A

the process of concentrating on 1 limited aspect of a stimulus & ignoring other aspects

  • a major characerisitic of preoperational thought
  • the major limitation of this period bc it leads to inaccuracy of thought
  • the cause of the childrens mistake is allowing the visual image dominate their thinking
57
Q

appearance is

A

everything

58
Q

conservation def

A

the knowledge that quanity is unrelated to the arrangement & physical appearance of objects
-preschoolers do not understand conservation

59
Q

egocentrism def

A

the inability to take the perspective of others

60
Q

egocentric thought def

A

thinking that does not take into account the viewpoint of others, it takes 2 forms:

  • – lack of awareness that others see things from different physical persepctives
  • –failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings & points of view different from one’s own
61
Q

what is transformation

A

the process in which one state is changed into anothre

62
Q

what is identity

A

certain things remain the same regardless of changes in shape, size and appearance
-understanding identity is necessary for children to develop an understanding of conservation(which is required for the child to transition to the next stage in his theory)

63
Q

who was Lev Vygotsky

A
  • believed culture and societies influenced cognitive development
  • cognition proceeds bc of social interactions where partners jointly work to solve problems(contrasts with piaget emphasis on individuas figuring things out alone)
64
Q

what is zone of proximal development

A

the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, preform a task indepedantly but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent

65
Q

what is scaffolding

A

the support for learning & problem solving that encourages independence and growth

66
Q

what is cultural tools

A

the actual physical items such as pencils, paper, calculators, and computers

67
Q

in order to pass to the next stage of the total 8 stages

A

a conflict/crisis must be rsolved at each stage

68
Q

from ages 3-6, children experience INITATIVE VS GUILT, what is that

A

the period during which children experience conflict between independence of action & the sometimes negative results of that action

69
Q

what is gender

A

the sense of being male or female is well established in young children

70
Q

what is sex

A

refers to sexual anatomy

71
Q

gender outways ethnic variables whenit comes to play

A

know

72
Q

3 yr old typically enage in FUNCTIONAL PLAY, what is it

A

involves simple, repetive activities that is doing something for the sake of ebing active

73
Q

4 yr olds enage in CONSTRUVTIVE PLAY, what is it

A

involves manipulating objects to produce or build something

    • con. play allows children to test developing congnitive skills
  • -allows to practice motor skills
  • -allos children to problem solve
  • -allows children to learn to cooperate
74
Q

what r the types of play from least inactive to most

A

onlooker
parallel
associative
cooperatvie

75
Q

what is onlooker play

A

when children simply watch others play but do not particpate

76
Q

what is parallel play

A

when children play with similar toys, in a similar way, but do not interact with others

77
Q

what is associative play

A

where 2 or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing

78
Q

what is cooperative play

A

children generakky play with one another, tzking turns, playing games or devising contest

79
Q

who describe the parenting styles and what are they

A

diana Baumrind

  1. authoritarian
  2. permissive
  3. authoritative
80
Q

what are authoritarian parent style

A

controlling, punitive, rigid, cold and whose word is the law. they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement. threat of abuse is there

81
Q

what are permissive parent style

A

prodive lax & inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
2 types of parents:
1. permissive-indifferent –usually uninvolved in their childrens lives. their children tend to be dependent and movy. also tent to have lower social skills and low self-control
2. permissive-indulgment –are more involved wih their children, but they place little pr no limits or control on their behavior. their children typicaly show low control and low social skills. these children tend to feel that they are especially privledged.

82
Q

what are authoritative parent style

A

firm fair and friendly. detting clear and consistent limits but try to reason with their children by giving explantations for why they should behave in a particular way. children of authortaroain parents are independent friendly with their peers, self-asserative

83
Q

what is self-concept

A

their identity or their set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals

84
Q

what is individuaslistic orientation

A

a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the unqiness of the individual

85
Q

what is collectivistic orientation

A

a philsosophy that promotes about what one is like as an individual

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