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Lifespan > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is lifespan

A

The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire human lifespan

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2
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle

A

Growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is the proximidistal principle

A

Development process from the enter of the body outward

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4
Q

What is the principle of hierarchical integration

A

States that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills

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5
Q

What is the principal of independence of systems

A

Suggests that different body systems grow at different rates

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6
Q

What are reflexes

A

Unlearned, organized, involuntary reponses rhat occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli, represent behavior that has survival value for the infant

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7
Q

What is postpartum depression

A

Period of depression following the birth of a child

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8
Q

Whag % does postpartum depression affect mothers

A

10%

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9
Q

What is the apgar scale

A

Standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns

Developed by Virginia apgar in 1953

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10
Q

What does apgar stand for

A 
A - appearance 
P - pulse
G - grimace
A - activity
R - respiration’s
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11
Q

What is the optical or acoustic blink reflex

A

Bright light shined suddenly at infants eyes or hand flap 30 cm from infants head

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12
Q

What is grasp reflex

A

Place finger into infants hand and press against palm surface

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13
Q

What is the babinski reflex

A

Stroke the sole of infants foot from toes towards heel

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14
Q

What is rooting reflex

A

Tickle skin at one corner of mouth

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15
Q

What is Moro reflex

A

Body supported horizontally by examiner, and the head is allowed to drop a few cm or a sudden loud noise sound or a band on the surface supporting the infant

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16
Q

What are Braxton Hicks contractions

A

Weak contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy

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17
Q

Neonate def

A

Another term used for newborns

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18
Q

Whag is oxytocin

A

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breath

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19
Q

How many stages of labor are there

A

3

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20
Q

What is the first stage of labor

A

The longest stage of labor

Uterine contractions occur every 8-10min lasts about 30 seconds

For first baby, this stage can last about 16-24hrs

Subsequent children involve shorter periods of labor

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21
Q

What is the second stage of labor

A

The baby’s head moves through the birth canal

Typically lasts about 90 min

After each contraction the baby’s head emerges

An epistomy(incision) is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

This stage ends when baby is born

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22
Q

Whag is the 3rd stage of labor

A

The shortest stage last about minutes

Occurs when the child’s umbilical ford and placenta are expelled

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23
Q

Most babies score around a 7 on the apgar scale

A

**

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24
Q

Average birthweight is 7lbs 6oz.

A
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25
Q

By age 5 months, the average infant birthright has doubled too

A

15lbs

26
Q

By age 1 , infants birthweight has tripled too

A

App. 22 lbs

27
Q

By end of 2yr, average child weighs

A

4x it’s birthweight

28
Q

By age 1, Average baby stands

A

30in. Tall

29
Q

By end of 2nd yr, average child is

A

3 ft tall

30
Q

On average newborns sleep ? Daily , tangible from ? Hrs a day

A

16-17 hrs daily ,

10-20 hrs a day

31
Q

Sleep stages are fitful and out of sync during early infancy

A
32
Q

By end of 1st hr, most infants are

A

Sleeping through the night

33
Q

What are genes

A

Genes are the basic unit of genetic information

Composed of DNA sequences

34
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are rod-shaped sections of DNA organizer into 23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

35
Q

Humans have over 25,000 genes

A

^^

36
Q

What are monozygotic twins

A

Genetically identical; form when cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first 2 weeks following fertilization

37
Q

What are dizygotic twins

A

2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 separate sperm ; no more genetically similar than 2 siblings

38
Q

What is a genotype

A

The underlying combo of genetic material present (but not visible) in an organism

39
Q

What is a phenotype

A

An observable trust thsg is actually seen; physical appearance

40
Q

The dominant trait is the trait that

A

Is expressed

41
Q

The recessive trait is

A

Present in the organism but not expressed

42
Q

What are the phases of the prenatal period ?

A

1) germinal stage
2) embryonic stage
3) fetal stage

43
Q

What is the germinal stage

A

The 1st and shortest stage of prenatal development

Takes place during the 1st 2 weeks following conception

Characterized by methodical cell division & the attachment of the organism(blastocyst) to the wall of the uterus =implantation

The baby is called a zygote at this stage

44
Q

What is the embryonic stage

A

The period from 2-8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the Major organs & body systems

Child is called an embryo

The developing child is composed of 3 layers (different slide)

45
Q

What are the 3 layers of the developing child?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

46
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

The outer layer forming the skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

What is the endoderm

A

The inner layer producing the digestive system, livers, pancreas, & respiratory system

48
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

Sandwich between the inner and outer layers & forms the muscles, bones, blood and circulatory system

49
Q

What is the fetal stage

A

Begins about 8 weeks after conception and continues till birth

The developing child from 8wks-birth is called a fetus

The fetus dramatically increases in size and weight

Organs become more differentiated and operational

By 3 months the fetus swallows and pees

By 4 months the mother will be able to feel the fetus move

Sleeping and waking patterns emerge

50
Q

What are tetraogens

A

Environmental agents such as virus, chemical or other factors that produce a birth defect

51
Q

Just 2 drinks a day has been associated with lower intelligence

A

^^

52
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy potentially resulting in mental retardation, delayed growth and facial deformities

53
Q

What is a sequential studies

A

Researchers examine a # of different ages groups over several points in time

Combine longitudinal & cross-sectional methods

54
Q

What is a cross-sectional research

A

People of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Differences may be due to cohort effects

Selective dropout, where participants in some age groups are more likely to quit participating in the study than others

Unable to explain changes individuals or groups

55
Q

What is the longitudinal research ?

A

The behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age

Requires a tremendous investment of time and money

There is the possibility of participant attrition or loss

Participants may become “test-wise”

56
Q

What is a cohort

A

The group of people born at around the same time & same place

57
Q

What is continuous development

A

Development is gradual with achievements at one level building on those previous levels

58
Q

What is discontinuous development

A

Each stage or change brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitivly different from behavior at earlier stages

59
Q

The independent variable is

A

The variable that researchers manipulate in the experiment

60
Q

The dependent variable is

A

The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

61
Q

What are the 4 levels of the bioecological approach

A

1) Microsystem(everyday immediate environment) - home, friends, teachers
2) Mesosystem(connects parts of the microsystem) - parents to children , friends to friends
3) Exosystem (represents broader influences) - local governments, the community, schools, place of worship, local media
4) Macrosystem (represents larger cultural influences) - society in general, federal government, religious and political value systems
5) Chronsystem (undermines all system) - the passage of time and historical events affect developments

Lifespan (5 decks)

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