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Exam #1 w/ Mary Alice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of adolescence and when do they partake and what happens in them?

A

1) Early: 11-14 yrs, rapid pubertal change
2) Middle: 14-16 yrs, puberty nearly complete
3) Late: 16-18 yrs, full adult appearance, anticipation of adult roles

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2
Q

growth hormone and thyroxine increases around what age?

A

8-9yrs

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3
Q

what are estrogens and androgens

A

estrogens: more in girls, adrenal estrogens
Androgens: more in boys, testosterone

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4
Q

what are the sex differences in body growth in adolescence

A

boys: growth spurt= start at around 12.5 ; proportions= shoulder broaden and longer legs ; muscle-fat makeup= gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency
girls: growth spurt= starts at around 10 ; proportions= hips broaden ; muscle-fat makeup= gain more fat

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5
Q

physical activity declines from ages 9-15

A

know this

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6
Q

describe the sexual maturation that occurs at puberty. Include primary and secondary.

A

primary sexual characteristics: Maturation of the reproductive organs…

  • girls: menarche
  • boys: spermarche

secondary sexual characteristics: Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity

- girls: breasts
- boys: facial hair, voice change
 - both: underarm hair
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7
Q

what is menarche

A

first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans

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8
Q

what is spermarche

A

is the beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

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9
Q

what are the individual differences in the timing of puberty

A 
Heredity
Nutrition/exercise-body fat, leptin in girls
Geographical location
SES
Ethnic group
early family experiences
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10
Q

Adolescent Brain Development- #1, #2, #3

A

1) pruning continues: frontal lobes,
2) Growth & myelination: strengthen connections among regions
- in both of these stages cognitive advances
- attention, planning, integrating information, self-regulation
3) Neurotransmitter response changes: more sensitive to excitatory messages, intensifies reactions to
- stress, pleasure novelty

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11
Q

what are the sleep habits of adolescence

A

1) still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later
- biological “phase delay”
- social habits
2) lack of sleep impairs regulations of attention emotion
- lower achievement
- mood problems
- high-risk behaviors

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12
Q

what are the reactions to puberty

A

Girls: surprised, more positive than in the past
- preparation, information help, fathers involvement helps, ethic variations

boys: mixed reactions, sooner than expected
- preparation helps, could benefit telling people

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13
Q

what are the adolescent moodieness

A 
More negative life events
Stronger responses
Mood swings
   - related to daily events
   - cultural scripts
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14
Q

adolescent emotions change across the week

A

know this

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15
Q

how are the parent child relationships during adolescence

A 
There is a rise in conflict
   - adaptive behavior
   - psychological distancing
   - different view of teen readiness for responsibility
Most conflict is mild
   - also affection, support
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16
Q

What are the consequences of the timing in puberty

A

Girls:
Early Maturing: unpopular, withdraw, low confidence, more deviant behavior, negative body image, more long-term problems
Late Maturing: Popular, sociable, lively, school leaders, positive body image

Boys:
Early Maturing: Popular, confident, independent, positive body image
Late Maturing: Unpopular, Anxious, Talkative, attention seeking, negative body image

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17
Q

what are the factors in reactions to timing of puberty

A

Physical attractiveness/Body image
- girls: most want to be thinner, smaller
- boys: most want to be bigger
Fitting in with peers
- prefer similar level of physical maturity

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18
Q

what is the nutrition in adolescence

A 
Calorie needs increase
Poor food choices are common
   - less fruits and vegtables
   - less milk and breakfast
    - more pop and fast food
Iron, vitamin deficiencies 
Discourage fad diets
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19
Q

What are some information on eating disorders

A 
Severe dieting strong indicator
family relationships 
cultural pressure
   - anorexia nervosa
        - starve out of fear of getting fat
         - difficult to treat
   - bulimia nervosa
         - strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge
         - more common, easier to treat
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20
Q

what should you when talking to adolescents about sex

A 
foster open communication
use correct terms
listen, discuss, collaborate
think before talking
keep conversations going
the internet can be a hazardous educator
21
Q

sexual activity increases

22
Q

Adolescent contraceptive use (BC)

A 
recent increase in use 
reasons for not using:
   - concern about image
   - adolescent risk-taking
   - social environment
    - forced intercourse
    - unrealistic about consequences
23
Q

what are the characteristics of sexually active adolescents - 1,2,3,4

A

1) Personal - early puberty, tendency to violate norms, little religious involvement
2) Family - step single-parent or large family, weak pariential monitoring, parent-child communication
3) Peer - Sexually active friends or sibilings
4) Educational - poor school performance, low educational goals

24
Q

when is the sequence of coming out

A

feeling different - ages 6-12
confusion - ages 11-15
self-acceptance - timing varies

25
adolescents and STD's
``` adolescents highest STD rate - high rate in US - 1 in 5 teens, among sexually active AIDS most serious - manifests 8-10 yrs later - often infected during adolescence females more easily infected education improving ```
26
US adolescent pregnancy statistics
1) teens pregnant each year: 750,000-850,000 (25,000 under 15) 2) percent of teen pregnancies ended with abortion: 40% 3) percent of teen mothers who are unmarried: 86% 4) repeat teen births: 35% within 2 years
27
what are the risks for teen mothers
``` less educational achievement more time as single parents economic problems pregnancy and birth complications lack of parenting skills ```
28
US has the highest pregnancy rate
know this
29
what are some ways to help with teen pregnancy
1) prevention stragetgies - more sex education - skills for handling sexual situations - school involvement - promoting abstinence 2) intervention with teenage parents - health care - help staying in scjool - father support - adult mentors
30
adolescent parenthood
``` mothers age at childbirth is a strong predictor of next generation's age at childbirth not inevitable, but linked to - home environment, parenting - intelligence, education - fathers absence ```
31
adolescent substance use
by 10th grade, 40% have tried cigs, 63% booze, 38& illegal drugs by end of highschool, 17% smoke regulary, 28% recent heavy drinking, 40% tried illegal drinks
32
paigets theory: formal operational stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning - deducting hypotheses from a general theory - pendulum problem Propositional thought - evaluating the logic of verbal propostions
33
what is Ericksons theory: identity vs role confusion
Identity: - defining who you are, what you value and direction in life - commitments in vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals - Exploration, resolution of "identity crisis" Role Confusion: - lack of direction and definition of self - restricted exploration in adolescence - earlier pysochological conflicts not resolved - society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood
34
identify identity status's
level of commitment Level of exploration 1) High level of commitment with high level of exploration = identity achievement 2) High level of commitment with low level of exploration = identity foreclosure 3) Low level of commitment with high level of exploration = moratorium 4) Low level of commitment with low level of exploration = identity diffusion
35
identity status and cognitive style defintions
Identity achieved & moratorium = information-gathering Foreclosure & diffusion= dogmatic inflexible Long-term diffusion = diffuse-avoidant
36
what are Kolhergs stages of moral development
``` 1) preconventional level: stage 1=punishment & obedience stage 2= instrumental purpose 2) Conventional level: stage 3=good boy good girl(morality of interpersonal cooperation) stage 4= social order maintaining 3) postconventional or principle level stage 5: social sontract stage 6: universal ethical principle ```
37
what are some key fzcotrs researchers today feel affect adolenscne
``` heredity parental relationship sleep habits nuttriton excersize where you live peers ```
38
feet and legs are the first to grow
know this
39
describe emotional experiences of a teenager
more conflict, think parents ar stupid | emtions flucueate
40
what are the theories of biological aging
1) DNA-cellular level - programmed effects of specific genes - aging gene - telomere shortening - random events - mutations and cancer - free radicals 2) organ/tissue level - cross linkage theory - gradual failure of endocronine sustem - declines in immune system functioning
41
when your stress is really high what happens to your immune system
your sustem tends to fail or not work as good.
42
what is free radical
free radicals do to our cells, particularly the oxidative stress that oxygen-free radicals cause occur in the presence of O2, can cause tissue damage
43
what are the causes of obesity
``` heredity/genetic environmental pressures - cheap fat and sugar - supersize portions - busy lives -snacks - take-out Declining physical acivity ```
44
what is the % of people who have STD in the US
``` 1 in 4 will contract STD 25% STD - AIDS Sexual Coercion - rape - abuse ```
45
explain what an expert is and how long it takes to develop into one
expertise is an acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field - takes many years - affects information processing
46
what is a social clock
Age-graded expectations for life events Less rigid than in earlier generations Following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability Distress if not following or falling behind
47
How to keep love alive
1) make time for the relationship 2) tell partner you love them 3) be aviable when your partner needs you 4) forgive minor offenses 5) confide in your partner
48
what are factors related to martial statisfaction
1) family backgrounds 2) age at marriage 3) length of courtship 4) timing of first pregnancy 5) financial and employement status

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