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Lifespan > Exam #1 w/ Mary Alice > Flashcards

Exam #1 w/ Mary Alice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of adolescence and when do they partake and what happens in them?

A

1) Early: 11-14 yrs, rapid pubertal change
2) Middle: 14-16 yrs, puberty nearly complete
3) Late: 16-18 yrs, full adult appearance, anticipation of adult roles

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2
Q

growth hormone and thyroxine increases around what age?

A

8-9yrs

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3
Q

what are estrogens and androgens

A

estrogens: more in girls, adrenal estrogens
Androgens: more in boys, testosterone

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4
Q

what are the sex differences in body growth in adolescence

A

boys: growth spurt= start at around 12.5 ; proportions= shoulder broaden and longer legs ; muscle-fat makeup= gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency
girls: growth spurt= starts at around 10 ; proportions= hips broaden ; muscle-fat makeup= gain more fat

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5
Q

physical activity declines from ages 9-15

A

know this

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6
Q

describe the sexual maturation that occurs at puberty. Include primary and secondary.

A

primary sexual characteristics: Maturation of the reproductive organs…

  • girls: menarche
  • boys: spermarche

secondary sexual characteristics: Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity

- girls: breasts
- boys: facial hair, voice change
 - both: underarm hair
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7
Q

what is menarche

A

first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans

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8
Q

what is spermarche

A

is the beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

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9
Q

what are the individual differences in the timing of puberty

A 
Heredity
Nutrition/exercise-body fat, leptin in girls
Geographical location
SES
Ethnic group
early family experiences
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10
Q

Adolescent Brain Development- #1, #2, #3

A

1) pruning continues: frontal lobes,
2) Growth & myelination: strengthen connections among regions
- in both of these stages cognitive advances
- attention, planning, integrating information, self-regulation
3) Neurotransmitter response changes: more sensitive to excitatory messages, intensifies reactions to
- stress, pleasure novelty

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11
Q

what are the sleep habits of adolescence

A

1) still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later
- biological “phase delay”
- social habits
2) lack of sleep impairs regulations of attention emotion
- lower achievement
- mood problems
- high-risk behaviors

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12
Q

what are the reactions to puberty

A

Girls: surprised, more positive than in the past
- preparation, information help, fathers involvement helps, ethic variations

boys: mixed reactions, sooner than expected
- preparation helps, could benefit telling people

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13
Q

what are the adolescent moodieness

A 
More negative life events
Stronger responses
Mood swings
   - related to daily events
   - cultural scripts
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14
Q

adolescent emotions change across the week

A

know this

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15
Q

how are the parent child relationships during adolescence

A 
There is a rise in conflict
   - adaptive behavior
   - psychological distancing
   - different view of teen readiness for responsibility
Most conflict is mild
   - also affection, support
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16
Q

What are the consequences of the timing in puberty

A

Girls:
Early Maturing: unpopular, withdraw, low confidence, more deviant behavior, negative body image, more long-term problems
Late Maturing: Popular, sociable, lively, school leaders, positive body image

Boys:
Early Maturing: Popular, confident, independent, positive body image
Late Maturing: Unpopular, Anxious, Talkative, attention seeking, negative body image

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17
Q

what are the factors in reactions to timing of puberty

A

Physical attractiveness/Body image
- girls: most want to be thinner, smaller
- boys: most want to be bigger
Fitting in with peers
- prefer similar level of physical maturity

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18
Q

what is the nutrition in adolescence

A 
Calorie needs increase
Poor food choices are common
   - less fruits and vegtables
   - less milk and breakfast
    - more pop and fast food
Iron, vitamin deficiencies 
Discourage fad diets
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19
Q

What are some information on eating disorders

A 
Severe dieting strong indicator
family relationships 
cultural pressure
   - anorexia nervosa
        - starve out of fear of getting fat
         - difficult to treat
   - bulimia nervosa
         - strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge
         - more common, easier to treat
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20
Q

what should you when talking to adolescents about sex

A 
foster open communication
use correct terms
listen, discuss, collaborate
think before talking
keep conversations going
the internet can be a hazardous educator
21
Q

sexual activity increases

A

know this

22
Q

Adolescent contraceptive use (BC)

A 
recent increase in use 
reasons for not using:
   - concern about image
   - adolescent risk-taking
   - social environment
    - forced intercourse
    - unrealistic about consequences
23
Q

what are the characteristics of sexually active adolescents - 1,2,3,4

A

1) Personal - early puberty, tendency to violate norms, little religious involvement
2) Family - step single-parent or large family, weak pariential monitoring, parent-child communication
3) Peer - Sexually active friends or sibilings
4) Educational - poor school performance, low educational goals

24
Q

when is the sequence of coming out

A

feeling different - ages 6-12
confusion - ages 11-15
self-acceptance - timing varies

25
Q

adolescents and STD’s

A 
adolescents highest STD rate
    - high rate in US 
    - 1 in 5 teens, among sexually active
AIDS most serious 
    - manifests 8-10 yrs later
    - often infected during adolescence
females more easily infected
education improving
26
Q

US adolescent pregnancy statistics

A

1) teens pregnant each year: 750,000-850,000 (25,000 under 15)
2) percent of teen pregnancies ended with abortion: 40%
3) percent of teen mothers who are unmarried: 86%
4) repeat teen births: 35% within 2 years

27
Q

what are the risks for teen mothers

A 
less educational achievement
more time as single parents
economic problems
pregnancy and birth complications
lack of parenting skills
28
Q

US has the highest pregnancy rate

A

know this

29
Q

what are some ways to help with teen pregnancy

A

1) prevention stragetgies
- more sex education
- skills for handling sexual situations
- school involvement
- promoting abstinence
2) intervention with teenage parents
- health care
- help staying in scjool
- father support
- adult mentors

30
Q

adolescent parenthood

A 
mothers age at childbirth is a strong predictor of next generation's age at childbirth
not inevitable, but linked to
    - home environment, parenting
    - intelligence, education
     - fathers absence
31
Q

adolescent substance use

A

by 10th grade, 40% have tried cigs, 63% booze, 38& illegal drugs
by end of highschool, 17% smoke regulary, 28% recent heavy drinking, 40% tried illegal drinks

32
Q

paigets theory: formal operational stage

A

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- deducting hypotheses from a general theory
- pendulum problem
Propositional thought
- evaluating the logic of verbal propostions

33
Q

what is Ericksons theory: identity vs role confusion

A

Identity:

  • defining who you are, what you value and direction in life
  • commitments in vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
  • Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis”

Role Confusion:
- lack of direction and definition of self
- restricted exploration in adolescence
- earlier pysochological conflicts not resolved
- society restricts choices
Unprepared for stages of adulthood

34
Q

identify identity status’s

A

level of commitment
Level of exploration

1) High level of commitment with high level of exploration = identity achievement
2) High level of commitment with low level of exploration = identity foreclosure
3) Low level of commitment with high level of exploration = moratorium
4) Low level of commitment with low level of exploration = identity diffusion

35
Q

identity status and cognitive style defintions

A

Identity achieved & moratorium = information-gathering
Foreclosure & diffusion= dogmatic inflexible
Long-term diffusion = diffuse-avoidant

36
Q

what are Kolhergs stages of moral development

A 
1) preconventional level: 
    stage 1=punishment & obedience 
    stage 2= instrumental purpose
2) Conventional level:
     stage 3=good boy good girl(morality of interpersonal cooperation)
      stage 4= social order maintaining
3) postconventional or principle level
      stage 5: social sontract
       stage 6: universal ethical principle
37
Q

what are some key fzcotrs researchers today feel affect adolenscne

A 
heredity
parental relationship
sleep habits
nuttriton
excersize
where you live
peers
38
Q

feet and legs are the first to grow

A

know this

39
Q

describe emotional experiences of a teenager

A

more conflict, think parents ar stupid

emtions flucueate

40
Q

what are the theories of biological aging

A

1) DNA-cellular level
- programmed effects of specific genes
- aging gene
- telomere shortening
- random events
- mutations and cancer
- free radicals
2) organ/tissue level
- cross linkage theory
- gradual failure of endocronine sustem
- declines in immune system functioning

41
Q

when your stress is really high what happens to your immune system

A

your sustem tends to fail or not work as good.

42
Q

what is free radical

A

free radicals do to our cells, particularly the oxidative stress that oxygen-free radicals cause
occur in the presence of O2,
can cause tissue damage

43
Q

what are the causes of obesity

A 
heredity/genetic
environmental pressures
   - cheap fat and sugar
   - supersize portions
   - busy lives
         -snacks
         - take-out
Declining physical acivity
44
Q

what is the % of people who have STD in the US

A 
1 in 4 will contract STD
25%
STD
   - AIDS
Sexual Coercion
   - rape
   - abuse
45
Q

explain what an expert is and how long it takes to develop into one

A

expertise is an acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field

  • takes many years
  • affects information processing
46
Q

what is a social clock

A

Age-graded expectations for life events
Less rigid than in earlier generations
Following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability
Distress if not following or falling behind

47
Q

How to keep love alive

A

1) make time for the relationship
2) tell partner you love them
3) be aviable when your partner needs you
4) forgive minor offenses
5) confide in your partner

48
Q

what are factors related to martial statisfaction

A

1) family backgrounds
2) age at marriage
3) length of courtship
4) timing of first pregnancy
5) financial and employement status

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