Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
components of training
A
- exercise speed
- number of reps
- variety of exercise
2
Q
overload principle
A
- muscle will adapt
- overload will then become normal load
- progressive resistance
- gradual load increase
3
Q
reversibility principle
A
- implies the avoidance of long interruptions in the training process
- interruptions can have negative impacts (reversibility)
4
Q
specificity of exercise principle
A
- the response to exercise is specific to the nature of type and exercise performed
- applies the specificity of strength, muscular, and cardiorespiratory motor patterns
5
Q
resistance training - station training
A
- station training is the completion of all the sets of one exercise before moving to the next one
- the optimal training stimulus for strength is moderate to high intensity
6
Q
resistance training - circuit training
A
-allows an individual to combine specific exercises to achieve specific fitness goals
7
Q
cardiorespiratory training - endurance
A
- continuous or SLD training
- 40 - 60% maximal performance over long distance
- no breaks
8
Q
cardio training - fartlek
A
- combines slow long distance training, pace/tempo training, and interval training
- used by runners in prep season
9
Q
cardio - interval
A
- extensive interval
- intensive interval
10
Q
repetition training
A
- maximum intensity levels
- used in final preps for competition
- long recover periods
11
Q
combination training
A
-stimulate both muscular and cardio fitness
12
Q
combo circuit training
A
can include machines and running laps
13
Q
cross training
A
- aerobic cross training
- muscular endurance cross training
- activity cross training
14
Q
physical fitness
A
- the ability of the body to adjust to the demands and stresses of physical effort
- thought to be a measure of one’s health
15
Q
physical activity
A
any movement carried out by the skeletal muscles requiring energy
16
Q
exercise
A
a subset of physical activities that are planned, structured, and designed to improve or maintain physical fitness
17
Q
power
A
-the ability to overcome external resistance at a high rate of muscular contraction
18
Q
muscular endurance
A
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to sustain a given level of force (static exercise) or to contract and relax (dynamic exercise)
19
Q
muscular strength
A
- measured as a maximal value
- the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance
- strength = force
- F = m x a
- W = F x D
20
Q
cardiorespiratory endurance
A
- involves both heart and lungs
- provides oxygen to tissues
- VO2max
- absolute VO2max
- relative VO2max
21
Q
VO2max
A
- when oxygen consumption has reached a plateau or a maximal level
- larger individuals have larger VO2max
22
Q
absolute VO2max
A
- a volume per unit time
- related to mass
23
Q
relative VO2max
A
ml/kg/min
24
Q
flexibility
A
- the ability of a joint to move through its full range of motion
- determined by joint structure
- connective tissue
- active and passive
25
active flexibility
-range of movement generated by the individual effort
26
passive flexibility
the range of movement achieved with the help of external forces
27
static stretching
holding a fully stretched position
| -ex: split
28
dynamic stretching
- rapidly moving a joint through its full range of motion
| - ex: baseball pitcher
29
prestretch
1. active stretching phase
2. pretension phase
3. passive stretching phase
30
training components
- training time
- training frequency
- training volume
- training intensity
31
1RM
- maximal performance in one rep
| - strength
32
work-to-rest ratio
- relationship between phases of work and rest during training
- low intensity = low rest
33
warm up
- raise body temp
- increase range of movement
- increase CNS activity
34
generalized motor program
-consists of a stored pattern of movements
35
factors affecting movement intelligence
- adequate stimulation at an early age
- opportunities to practice
- continuous encouragement
- inheritance of abilities
36
all around athlete
- no such thing
| - different athletics require different skills
37
skill as a task
an action or task that require voluntary body and/or limb movement to achieve a goal
38
skill as a quality of performance
the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy, or of time and energy
39
serial nature of skills
subroutines must follow a particular sequence in order for the executive program to be effectively carried out
40
closed skills
- correspondingly performed under constant, relatively unchanging conditions, so the movement itself is often the goal of the skills
- occur in an unchanging environment
41
open skills
- in open environments which are continually changing
- unpredictable
- uncertainties
42
teaching strategy for closed skills
repetition
43
teaching strategy for open skill
practice variability
44
motor intelligence
an aggregated and vast repertoire of movement experiences developed since birth
45
are skills traits?
no because they change
46
motor programs
- movement plans that are stored in our memory when we learn a new skill
- a set of restructured muscle commands that will carry out the skill mandatory for
47
generalized motor program
- memory is relationship responses that fall in the same class
- consist of a stored pattern of movements
48
parameters
specify things as order of events or subunits
49
fractal
same thing repeated on different levels
50
factors affecting movement intelligence
- adequate stimulation at an early age
- opportunities to practice-right and left handed
- contunuous encouragement
51
movement abilities
- inherited, enduring, and stable traits
- serve as the foundation for the development of motor programs
- 26 abilities
- don't have the same abilities for the same tasks
52
reaction time
-time difference between stimulus and reaction
53
movement rate
-how fast you can move
54
balance
-static and active balance
55
motor traits
- reaction time is a trait
| - cannot change it
56
movement intelligence
- an aggregate and vast repertoire of movement experiences developed since birth
- skills continually being enhanced, revised, and adapted through experiences
57
open loop control system
- not utilizing feedback to control the response
- use feedback after to error correct your next response
- a movement begins without the influence of peripheral feedback
- advantage: movements are fast and forceful with little attention needed
- disadvantage: not effective in unstable and less predictable environments
58
closed loop control system
- movements may be planned and adjusted by feedback even during the movement
- utilizing feedback to control the response
- adjust to surroundings
- advantage: allows us to perform unpracticed actions and offers adaptability to movement
- disadvantage: do not control rapid, discrete actions
59
arousal
- a state not a trait
- changes moment to moment
- noise in your system
60
simple info processing model
- input
- the human
- output
61
receptor --> CNS executive --> PNS effector
- first identify what's in the environment
- then respond to it
- proprioceptive feedback
- exteroceptive feedback
62
CNS
the stages of info procession
63
PNS
the motor program and motor system
64
receptor
sensory input
65
acceleration
rate of change in velocity
66
angular acceleration
rate of change in angular velocity
67
steps of analysis for models
- identify the system
- frame of reference
- identify type of motion
68
linear motion
- all parts of body in same direction at same time
- forces are applied through the center of mass
- running
69
angular motion
- body moves in a circular path
| - forces are applied away from the center of mass
70
general motion
wrestling
71
moment force
moment of force = moment arm * force
| -moment = torque
72
first class levers
- teeter totter
| - effort and load on opposite sides of axis
73
second class levers
- flexing and pointing your foot
| - load and effort on one side of axis with load closer to axis
74
third class levers
- flexion and extension of arm
| - load and effort on same side but effort is closer to axis
75
afferent neurons
- carry signals to the brain or spinal cord
| - sensory neurons
76
efferent neurons
- carry signals from the brain or spinal cord
| - motor neurons
77
interneurons
originate or terminate in the brain or spinal cord
78
dendrites
- in neuron
| - branch like fibers that serve as the centers for stimuli by receiving messages
79
cell body
- in neuron
| - houses the nucleus
80
axon
- in neuron
| - single extension from the cell body that functions to transmit and carry messages to the terminal endings
81
terminal endings
- in neuron
- thousands
- on the dendrites
82
myelin sheath
- in neuron
| - fatty covering on the axon that acts as an insulator to keep current from leaking
83
nodes of ranvier
- in neuron
| - gaps in the myelin sheath
84
neuron's function
- receptive segment
- conductive segment
- transmissive segment
85
action potential
sodium in potassium out
