Exam 1 Flashcards
Armchair reasoning
- amateur philosophy that arises from casual discussion
- recreating what “the best” do or think
- people buy into a story and it becomes the truth
- no cause and effect
Descriptions
- science where people describe things
- creates a mindset that doesn’t promote innovation
- true to the extent of the sensitivity of the tool you’re using
- no cause and effect
Correlations
- no independent variable
- only dependent variables
- hard to nail down a cause effect relationship
- predictable values
- true
Categorical independent variable
- independent variable based on categorization
- ex: girls over here boys over there
- can’t make a cause effect relationship
- no true manipulation
True manipulation
- manipulate an independent variable
- Francis Bacon and test of disproof
- keep disproving things to find better solutions
- winner wins by default
John Platt
- wrote about Bacon
- you need multiple conditions or groups
- when one group “wins” you can exclude all the others
Karl Popper
- definition of a theory
- all theories are false and have to be stated so they can be falsified
- theoretical test of disproof
Ludwig Wittgenstein
- two things can’t be the same
- elevates the theory of disproof
Kurt Godel
- Einstein’s bff
- All sentences are algorithms that cannot prove themselves
Purposes of testing and evaluation
- Diagnosis
- Placement
- Motivation
- Achievement
- Program Evaluation
- Prediction
reliability vs validity
- reliability is the consistency or repeatability of test scores, data, or observation
- validity is the degree of truthfulness of a test score, referring to the extent to which a test measures what it proposes to measure
aerobic capacity
-measure oxygen utilization on a treadmill
body composition
- YMCA skinfold test
- circumference test
- underwater weighing
- grip dynamometer
- one rep maximum
skeletal muscle
- attached to the bone
- supports the moving skeleton
- under voluntary control
- fatigues easily
muscular endurance
- pull ups
- flexed arm hang
- continuous burpee test
flexibility
- sit and reach
- bridge up test
relationship b/w strength and endurance
-not good
origin
- for skeletal muscles
- where the attachment to the bone is
- does not move
- closer to body
insertion
- for skeletal muscles
- further from body
origin
- for skeletal muscles
- where the attachment to the bone is
- does not move
- closer to body
insertion
- for skeletal muscles
- further from body
- attachment of the muscle on the bone that moves
afferent
-transmission into brain
efferent
-transmission away from brain
intermuscular coordination
between muscles
intramuscular coordination
within muscles
intermuscular coordination
between muscles
-interplay between muscles that generate movement through contraction
distal
farther from the trunk
absolute strength
- the greater the active body mass, the greater the absolute strength
- tested with one rep
relative body strength
-maximum strength / body mass
relationship b/w strength and power
-strong relationship
relationship b/w strength and endurance
-not good
relationship b/w strength and muscular endurance
- downward slope
- as strength increases, body mass decreases
cortical bone
- low porosity
- less flexible
- can resist great stress
- long bones
- gravity supporting bones
intramuscular coordination
within muscles
-capacity to activate motor units simultaneously
tendon makeup in skeletal muscles
from big to small:
- tendon
- muscle belly
- muscle fiber bundle
- muscle fiber
- sarcolemma
- myofibril
- sarcomeres
sarcomere
- made up of actin filaments
- h zones inside of actin filaments
static/isometric contraction
-no visible change in muscle length
dynamic contractions
- involves movement
- concentric, eccentric, isokinetic, plyometric
plyometric contraction
-sudden eccentric loading & stretching followed by a concentric contraction
eccentric contraction
-muscle cannot develop sufficient tension, overcome by load, lengthens during movement
isokinetic contraction
-neuromuscular system works at constant speed during each phase of movement against a preset high resistance
