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criminal justice > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Are people basically good?

A

No, because not a lot of people want to seek God

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2
Q

What did God give us?

A

A conscience to know him

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3
Q

seeks to find the cause of crime and deviant behavior

A

criminology

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4
Q

violation of the criminal law for which there’s no legal justification

A

crime

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5
Q

violation of social norms that specify appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances

A

deviance

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6
Q

posit relationships between events and things

A

theory

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7
Q

crime is caused by the individual esercise of “free will”
pain and pleasure are the 2 central determinants of human behavior
punishment is sometimes required to deter law violators
crime prevention is possible through swift and certain punishment, which offsets any gains to be had through criminal behavior

A

classical theory

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8
Q

places greater emphasis on rationality and cognition

A

the neoclassical theory

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9
Q

holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice

A

rational choice theory

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10
Q

lifestyles contribute to the volume and type of crime found in society

A

routine activities theory

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11
Q

Significance for classical theories

A

Forms the basis of many criminal justice

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12
Q

human behavior is constitutionally or genetically determined
basic determinants of human behavior may be passed from generation to generation
some behavior is the result of propensities inherited from more primitive development stages in the evolutionary theory

A

bio theory

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13
Q

focus is on the relationship of criminal behavior such as dna, environmental contaminants, nutrition, hormones, physical trauma, body chem in human cognition and behavior

A

psychobiological theory

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14
Q

the individual is the main unit of analysis
personality is the major motivational element
crimes result from inappropriately conditioned behavior
abnormal mental processes may have a number of causes

A

psych theories

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15
Q

social groups, social institutions, the arrangement of society, and social roles are all appropriate for study
group dynamics, group organizations, and subgroup relationships form the causal basis of criminality
the structure of society and the relative degree of social organization or social disorganization are important factors contributing to criminal behavior

A

sociological theory

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16
Q

highlights the process of interaction between individuals and society
highlight the role of social learning
often the most attractive to policymakers
consistent w cultural and religious values

A

social process theory

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17
Q

maintains that crime is the natural consequence of economic and other social inequities

A

conflict perspective

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18
Q

society is composed of diverse social groups
conflict among groups is unavoidable bc of differing interests and differing values
group conflicts centers on exercise of political power

A

concept theory

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19
Q

treat every fire arm as if it were loaded

A

1 Fire arm and safety rule

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20
Q

never point a firearm at anyone or anything you do not intend to shoot or an unintentional direction may do harm

A

2 firearm and safety rule

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21
Q

never place your finger (or anything else) in the trigger guard until you are ready to fire

A

3 firearm and safety rule

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22
Q

be sure of your target, back stop, and beyond

A

4 firearm and safety rule

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23
Q

approach that integrates a variety of theoretical viewpoints in attempt to explain crime and violence

A

interdisciplinary theory

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24
Q

study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior

A

phrenology

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25
Q

condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution

A

atavism

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26
Q

stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals

A

positivist school

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27
Q

classification of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics

A

somatotyping

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28
Q

a human male displaying the XYY chromosome structure

A

supermale

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29
Q

links between chromosome patterns and crime

A

chromosome theory

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30
Q

field of study that links violent or disruptive behavior to eating habits, vitamin deficiencies, genetics, and other conditions that affect body tissues

A

biocriminology

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31
Q

psych principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and association w other stimuli

A

behavioral conditioning

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32
Q

attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offender based on behavioral clues they provide

A

psych profiling

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33
Q

reasonable suspicion

A

reasonable belief through articulable circumstances that criminal activity might be afoot

34
Q

sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders

A

labeling theory

35
Q

integrated view of human development that points to the process of interaction among and between individuals and society as the root cause of criminal behavior

A

social development theory

36
Q

sees crime as engendered by the unequal distribution in usually capitalist societies

A

radical criminology

37
Q

crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime

A

peacemaking criminology

38
Q

developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology

A

feminist criminology

39
Q

branch of criminology developed after WW2 and builds on postmodern thought

A

postmodern criminology

40
Q

cause postmodern criminology challenges and debunks existing theories

A

deconstructionist theories

41
Q

rule of conduct, generally found enacted in the form og a stature, that proscribes or mandates at all levels

A

law

42
Q

written or codified law, the “law on the books,” as enacted by a govt body or agency having the power to make laws

A

statutory laws

43
Q

law that results from judicial decisions

  • judicial precedent
  • built on legal reasoning and past interpretations of statutory law
  • guides decision making, esp. in the courts
A

case law

44
Q

the traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices, which may be supported by judicial decisions

A

common law

45
Q

holds that orderly society must be governed by established principles and known codes that are applied uniformly and fairly to all of its members

A

rule of law

46
Q

philosophy of the law or the science and study of the law

A

jurisprudence

47
Q

aka penal law
branch of modern law that concerns itself w offenses committed against society, it’s members, their property, and the social order
-crimes injure not just the individuals, but as society as a whole
-punishment for violators of criminal law is justified by the fact that the offender intended the harm and is responsible for it

A

criminal law

48
Q

describes which acts constitute crimes and specifies punishment for the acts

A

substantive law

49
Q

specifies the rules that determine how thoe who are accused of crimes are to be treated by the judicial system

A

procedural law

50
Q

governs relationships between parties and provides a formal way to regulate non-criminal relationships between people, businesses, other organizations, and other agencies of govt

A

civil law

51
Q

violation of civil law

A

tort

52
Q

result of civil law

A

injunction or loss of money

53
Q

body of regulations that govts create to control the activities of businesses, industry, and individuals

A

administrative law

54
Q

-general rules of evidence
-search and seizure
-procedures to be followed during and after an arrest
balance suspects’ rights against the state’s interests in speedy and efficient case processing

A

procedural law

55
Q

serious crimes that are punishable by a year or more in prison or by death

A

felonies

56
Q

less serious crimes that are punishable by up to a year in a local correctional facility

A

misdemeanors

57
Q

minor violations to the criminal law that are less serious than misdemeanors
aka infractions

A

offenses

58
Q

a US citizen’s action to help a foreign govt overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the us

A

treason

59
Q

gathering, transmitting, or losing info relating to national defense in such a manner that the info becomes available to the enemies of the us and may be used to their advantage

A

espionage

60
Q

offenses not yet completed

-consists of an action or conduct that is a step toward the intended commission of another offense

A

inchoate offenses

61
Q

gen factors of a crime

A

actus reus
mens rea
concurrence of the two

62
Q

criminal act

A

actus reus

63
Q

refers to a person’s mental state at the time the act was committed
a culpable mental state

A

mens rea

64
Q

4 lv of mens rea

A

purposeful
knowing
reckless
negligent

65
Q

special category of crime that require no culpable mental state

A

strict liability

66
Q

purpose is to protect the public

A

absolute liability offenses

67
Q

essential feature of a given crime, as specified by law or statute. all must have occurred

A

elements of a specific crime

68
Q

body of crime

A

corpus delictic

69
Q

a person cannot be tried for a crime unless it can first be proven that

A

a crime law has been violated and the person who committed that crime is responsible

70
Q

defendants admit committing the offense, but believes that they should not be held criminally responsible bc of a legally sufficient reason for their actions

A

justification

71
Q

defendants admit committing the offense, but believe that they should not be held criminally responsible bc of some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act

A

excuses

72
Q

defendants claim that they were in some way discriminated against in the justice process or that some important aspect of official procedure was not properly followed in the investigation or prosecution of the crime charged

A

procedural defenses

73
Q

prompting you to do something you normally wouldn’t do

A

entrapment

74
Q

cannot be held in the same crime twice

A

double jeopardy

75
Q

facts already determined to be valid in court

A

collated estoppel

76
Q

prosecutor holding piece of evidence back

A

prosecutorial misconduct

77
Q

police frame you

A

police fraud

78
Q

theme of book

A

there is a need to create balance between individual rights and public order

79
Q

court processes

A 
first hearing
preliminary hearing
trial
sentences
due process
80
Q

what constitutes particular crimes and specifies the appropriate punishment for each particular offense

A

substantive criminal law

81
Q

principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations; basis of our modern law of precendent

A

stare decisis

82
Q

latin for after the fact.

A

ex post facto

criminal justice (4 decks)

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