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Botanical > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not in Europe.

A

True

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2
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are 4-7:1 concentrates

A

St. John’s wort

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3
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates

A

Ginkgo biloba

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4
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are acetone-water extracts

A

Ginkgo biloba

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5
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are alcohol-water extracts

A

St. John’s wort

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6
Q

Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family

A

Ginkgo biloba

St. John’s Wort

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7
Q

Which constituent of ginkgo must be remove because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?

A

ginkgolic acids

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8
Q

On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?

A

terpene lactones

flavonoid glycosides

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9
Q

Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown. (T/F)

A

false

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10
Q

Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)

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11
Q

Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors

A

Hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)

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12
Q

Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia

A

Ginkgo biloba

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13
Q

Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF)

A

Ginkgo biloba

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14
Q

Reduces “behavioral despair” in animal models

A

Hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)

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15
Q

Increases skin reponse to the effects of UV radiation

A

Hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)

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16
Q

Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

ginkgo biloba

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17
Q

Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG

A

hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)

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18
Q

While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects. (T/F)

A

false

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19
Q

According to the German Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, modern research on the efficacy of gingko biloba should assess all but one of the following categories of outcomes in patients with dementia. Which category is not a required outcome to assess?

  1. Activities of daily living, social behavior, care needs
  2. Global assessment of the patient by the physician
  3. Psychometric assessment of cognitive abilities
  4. Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state
A

Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state

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20
Q

The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except

  1. intermittent claudication
  2. prevention of stroke
  3. vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
  4. cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
A

prevention of stroke

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21
Q

T or F: Only St. John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials

A

false

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22
Q

When assessing the response to antidepressant therapies using instruments such as the Hamiliton Depression Rating Scale, what percentage score improvement is considered good evidence of a meaningful response?

A

50%

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23
Q

T or F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John’s wort on depression

A

true

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24
Q

T orF: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.

A

true

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25
Q

Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur withing one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts. (T/F)

A

false

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26
Q

St. John’s wort (hypericum) may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (choose all of the correct answers)

  1. Immunosuppressants
  2. Anticoagulants
  3. Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  4. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A

immunosuppressants, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

27
Q

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?

A

Lavender

28
Q

Human clinical studies of kava (Piper methysticum) have tested extracts with varying amounts of active constituents; what is the highest percentage content of actives tested?

  1. 70%
  2. 30%
  3. 15%
  4. 50%
A

70%

29
Q

Which potential adverse reaction to kava (Piper methysticum) has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?

  1. Liver damage
  2. Carcinogenicity
  3. Teratogenicity
  4. Kidney damage
A

liver damage

30
Q

T or F: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions.

A

false

31
Q

Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in valerian preparations?

  1. indica
  2. edulis
  3. officinalis
  4. japonica
A

officinalis

32
Q

Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?

  1. Acetoxyvalerenic acid
  2. Valerenic acid
  3. Valepotriates
A

valepotriates

33
Q

Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

34
Q

T or F: Kuhlmann (1999) demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration

A

true

35
Q

T or F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use.

A

false

36
Q

According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?

  1. Lavender
  2. Passion flower
  3. Hops
  4. Lemon balm
  5. Kava
A

hops and lemon balm

37
Q

All of the following measures except one were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender. Which measure was not assessed?

  1. Reductions in blood markers of the stress response
  2. Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
  3. More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
  4. Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
  5. Self-rated sedation
A

reductions in blood markers of the stress response

38
Q

What are the reported side effects of Kava (Piper methysticum)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

Dystonia
&
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

39
Q

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (ORAL USE)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

headache, appetite changes, constipation

40
Q

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (TOPICAL USE)?
Breast growth in young boys
Dystonia
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease

A

breast growth in young boys

41
Q

A combination of hawthorne extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension?

A

camphor oil

42
Q

A single dose of hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency (T/F)

A

false

43
Q

Indicate all of the pharmacological effects of hawthorne (Crataegus monogyna) extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models.

  1. Increase in coronary blood flow
  2. Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
  3. Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
  4. Increase in cardiac stroke volume
  5. All of the above
  6. None of the above
A

all of the above.

44
Q

How does hawthorne extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?

  1. Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
  2. Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
  3. Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
  4. Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
A

Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic

45
Q

All but one of the following herbs is a source of digitaloids that are not recommended for phytotherapeutic use due to their pharmacokinetic and other shortcomings. Which one?

A

foxglove

46
Q

What is the correct description of the extraction method used to produce WS 1442, the hawthorne extract used in many clinical studies of heart failure?

A

water and alcohol extraction

47
Q

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders?

A

rosemary

48
Q

Which two botanicals owe their circulatory effects to the presence of caffeine and related substances?

A

guarana and mate’

49
Q

According to our text, what outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut
(Aesculus hippocastanum) extract? Choose all answers that are correct.

  1. Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
  2. Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  3. Equivalence between horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  4. Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  5. All of the above
  6. None of the above
A

all of the above

50
Q

Extracts of which herb were recommended in a Commission E monograph for “nervous heart conditions?”

A

motherwort

51
Q

Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.

A

horse chestnut

52
Q

best herb for: Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake

A

artichoke

53
Q

best herb for: Stimulate gastric secretions

A

bitter

54
Q

best herb for: Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder

A

cholegogue

55
Q

best herb for: Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion

A

carminative

56
Q

best herb for: Irritable bowel syndrome

A

peppermint oil

57
Q

best herb for: Peptic ulcer

A

licorice

58
Q

Which TWO alcoholic beverages use wormwood as an ingredient?

A

absinthe and vermouth

59
Q

A combination of peppermint oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia?

A

caraway

60
Q

As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?

  1. Postoperative
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Morning sickness
  4. Sea sickness
A

postoperative

61
Q

T or F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint (Mentha × piperita) oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.

A

true

62
Q

Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?

  1. Paparavine
  2. Liquiritin
  3. Glycyrrhizin
  4. Absinthin
A

glycyrrhizin

63
Q

Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?

A

licorice

Botanical (3 decks)

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