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Botanical > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?

A

acute diarrhea

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2
Q

Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time. (T/F)

A

true

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3
Q

The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?

A

pectins

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4
Q

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?

  1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  2. Travel-related diarrhea
  3. Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
  4. Infectious diarrhea
A

Infectious diarrhea

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5
Q

Which botanical is a potential source of hydrogen cyanide, but was shown not to raise blood cyanide levels in healthy subjects consuming moderate amounts over a 4-week period?

A

Flaxseed

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6
Q

Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles (T/F)

A

false

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7
Q

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.

  1. Osmotic agents
  2. Anthranoid-containing herbs
  3. Bulk-forming agents
A

Anthranoid-containing herbs

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8
Q

Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?

  1. Cascara
  2. Senna
  3. Rhubarb
  4. Buckthorn
A

Senna

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9
Q

Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?

  1. Cascara
  2. Aloe
  3. Senna
  4. Rhubarb
A

aloe and cascara

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10
Q

Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary (refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work ) disorders?

  1. Aloe
  2. Castor oil
  3. Senna
  4. Buckthorn
A

castor oil

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11
Q

Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium

A

potassium

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12
Q

While human trials of patients with cirrhosis of the liver have found silymarin treatment provides supportive benefits, improved survival rates have never been demonstrated. (T/F)

A

false

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13
Q

What part of the milk thistle plant is the typical source from which silymarin is extracted?

A

seed

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14
Q

The 2008 Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment Against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) study found that hepatitis C patients who used silymarin had which TWO of the following positive results?

A

better quality of life and milder symptoms

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15
Q

Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?

ragweed
chrysanthemum
marigold
Wheat
daisy
A

wheat

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16
Q

Fat-soluble extract prepared with hexane or liquid carbon dioxide

A

Saw Palmetto

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17
Q

10:1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent

A

Nettle

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18
Q

20:1 herb to extract ratio prepared with ethanol

A

Pumpkin

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19
Q

2.5:1 herb to extract ration prepared with water-acetone solvent

A

Rye

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20
Q

Which herb is recommended for bacterial inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract?

A

uva ursi

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21
Q

Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?
Horse chestnut
garlic
saw palmetto

A

saw palmetto

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22
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?

  1. Reduce blood prolactin levels
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  4. Anti-inflammatory effects
A

inhibit prostatic aromatase

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23
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?

  1. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Anti-inflammatory effects
  4. Reduce blood prolactin levels
A

Reduce blood prolactin levels

24
Q

Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts?

  1. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  2. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity
  3. Interactions with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
A

Interactions with sex-hormone-binding glo

25
Q

The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?

A

prolactin

26
Q

A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb?

A

black cohosh

27
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?

  1. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
  2. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh
  3. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.
A

People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.

28
Q

Which of the following best describes the assumption regarding the anti-stress function of herbs such as the ginsengs?

  1. Expands both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  2. Delays or prevents both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  3. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response.
  4. Expands the exhaustion phase while delaying or preventing the adaptation phase of the stress response.
A

Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response

29
Q

Which herb originated in the Ayurvedic herbal tradition?

A

Ashwagandha

30
Q

Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which one of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies?

  1. Improved physical performance
  2. Improved mood
  3. Improved intellectual performance
  4. Improved resistance to infection
A

Improved resistance to infection

31
Q

According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?

A

Western trials used dosages that were too low

32
Q

According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?

  1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
  2. For fatigue and debility
  3. To improve mood
  4. As an aid to convalescence
A

To improve mood

33
Q

What type of Cat’s claw preparation was shown to be effective for osteoarthritis?

  1. Essential oil
  2. Alcohol-based extract
  3. Dried powdered herb
  4. Water-based extract
A

Water-based extract

34
Q

Which adaptogenic herb was specifically found to have beneficial effects when used by students during a long examination period?

A

Rhodiola

35
Q

Which of the following is not a source of “polyphenolic oligomers of the flavonoid type”

  1. Green tea
  2. Cordyceps
  3. Pine bark
  4. Grape seed
A

Cordyceps

36
Q

Which herb has been extensively studied in humans as a treatment for cancer?

  1. Asian ginseng
  2. Echinacea
  3. Astralagus
  4. European mistletoe
A

European mistletoe

37
Q

Goldenseal is most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment of intestinal infections, not systemic infections, due to poor absorption of its active constituents. (T/F)

A

true

38
Q

Which two preparations of Echinacea were approved by German Commission E?

  1. Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. pallida
  2. Alcohol extracts of the root of E. pallida
  3. Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. purpurea
  4. Alcohol extracts of the root of E. purpurea
A

Expressed juices of the aerial parts of E. purpurea

Alcohol extracts of the root of E. pallida

39
Q

Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products?

  1. alkamides
  2. polysaccharides
  3. cicoric acid
A

cicoric acid

40
Q

Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment. (T/F)

A

true

41
Q

According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?

  1. Liquid preparations may encourage better compliance
  2. Liquid preparations may have higher concentrations of active constituents
  3. Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx
  4. Liquid preparations may be better absorbed
A

Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx

42
Q

All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?

  1. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
  2. Allergic reactions
  3. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
  4. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure
A

Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure

43
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

  1. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
  2. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
  3. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
  4. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
A

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

44
Q

Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis (sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.)?

  1. Elder
  2. Linden
  3. Ivy
  4. Meadowseet
    Study These Flashcards
A

Ivy

45
Q

In an English study that randomized subjects with respiratory infections to treatment with antibiotics or no treatment, what determining factor predicted which patients recovered faster?

A

Whether they were satisfied with their interaction with the doctor

46
Q

Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb. (T/F)

A

false

47
Q

Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?

  1. Eucalyptus
  2. Pine
  3. Butterbur
  4. Thyme
A

butterbur

48
Q

According to our text, strong preparations of essential oils are contraindicated for use in the facial region of infants and children under 2 years of age (T/F)

A

True

49
Q

Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species?

A

Hedera helix

50
Q 
Which plant part(s) of petasides hybridus (butterbur) was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis?
bulb
leaf only 
leaf and flowers
root
bark
A

leaf

51
Q

Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness?

A

Ephedra

52
Q

Which one of the following has NOT been traditionally used as a mucilaginous herb?

  1. Mullein
  2. Ivy
  3. Marshmallow
  4. Plantain
A

Ivy

53
Q

Indicate which one of the clinical conditions listed that has NOT responded to treatment with ivy (Hedera helix) extract in controlled trials, according to our text.

  1. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults
  2. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in children
  3. Respiratory infections in children
  4. Bronchial asthma in children
A

Respiratory infections in children

54
Q

Which two of the following botanicals can contain potentially toxic pyrrolizidines?

  1. Plantain
  2. Butterbur
  3. Coltsfoot
  4. Mallow
A

coltsfoot and butterbur

55
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butturbur if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

  1. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
  2. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
  3. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
  4. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
A

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

56
Q

Which two herbs were initially researched in the former Soviet Union?

A

Eleuthero and Rhodiola

Botanical (3 decks)

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