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Botanical > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

____ increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions EX: Eucalyptus, thyme

A

Expectorant Herb

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2
Q

What conditions are the tannin-containing herbs helpful in addressing?

A

Acute diarrhea

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3
Q

What does carminative do in the digestive system

A

Relieve bloating and fullness

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4
Q

What does csholagogue do in the digestive system

A

Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder

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5
Q

What does a bitter do in the digestive system?

A

Stimulates gastric secretions

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6
Q

Procyanidins are the active constituents in

A

Grape Seed

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7
Q

What is a ‘declared content’ on a botanical label and why is it important and potentially toxic herbals?

A

Name of each ingredient and what it contains

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8
Q

Uncaria tomentosa or guianesis =

A

Cat’s Claw

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9
Q

Common preparation using alcohol or alcohol + water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations:

A

Tincture

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10
Q

Especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children

A

Syrups

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11
Q

Alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components

A

Medicinal Oils

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12
Q

Solution of a volatile substance in alcohol of alcohol + water

A

Medicinal Spirits

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13
Q

Made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components

A

Plant Juices

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14
Q

Typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of an herb-toextract-ratio?

A

5:1

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15
Q

What is the volatile oil content of typical herbs that contain such oils?

A

1-2%

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16
Q

T/F: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts

A

False

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17
Q

T/F: Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time

A

True

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18
Q

Garlic/Onion =

A

allium cepa

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19
Q

What is the relationship between alliin, allinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?

A

Allinanase acts on alliin to produce allicin

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20
Q

T/F: According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment

A

False

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21
Q

What is the daily intake of allicin associated with successful lipid-lowering in most clinical studies using garlic powder?

A

6-10 mg

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22
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

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23
Q

According to the national institutes of health article, garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of what type of drug?

A

HIV drug

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24
Q

Which of the following, if any, is NOT a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies:

  1. Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis
  2. Lowers blood triglycerides
  3. Lowers total blood cholesterol
  4. Lowers blood pressure
  5. All of the above are effects
  6. None of the above are effects
A

All of the above

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25
Q

Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic

A

Excessive bleeding tendency, hypotension

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26
Q

Which part of the Ginkgo biloba plant is used

A

Leaf only

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27
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are acetone-water extracts: St. John’s wort, Ginkgo biloba, or BOTH?

A

Ginkgo biloba

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28
Q

Extracts contain phytochemical from the flavonoid family: St. John’s wort, Ginkgo biloba or BOTH?

A

BOTH

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29
Q

Which constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?

A

Ginkgolic acids

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30
Q

On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?

A

Flavonoid glycosides

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31
Q

T/F: Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown

A

False

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32
Q

Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters: St. John’s wort or ginkgo biloba?

A

St. John’s wort

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33
Q 
Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues):
Hypericum perforatum (St John's-wort) or Gingko biloba
A

ginkgo biloba

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34
Q

Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG: st johns wort or ginkgo biloba

A

ginkgo biloba

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35
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate list of possible side effects of ginkgo biloba?

  1. headache, itchy eyes, gastrointestinal issues, asthma, fatigue, and drowsiness
  2. anxiety, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, headache, heart damage, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms
  3. headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
  4. breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, and allergic reactions
A

Answer #3 (headache, nausea, GI upset, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions)

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36
Q

Large amounts of dangerous toxin are found in which ginkgo preparation?

A

Roasted seed

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37
Q

T/F: While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects

A

False

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38
Q

T/F: The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not in Europe

A

True

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39
Q

Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates St. John’s word, Ginkgo biloba or BOTH?

A

Ginkgo biloba

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40
Q

T/F: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages or either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.

A

True

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41
Q

Latin name for Oat =

A

Avena Sativa

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42
Q

T/F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles

A

False

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43
Q

Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?

ragweed
chrysanthemum
marigold
Wheat
daisy
A

Wheat

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44
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of guar gum on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

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45
Q

Latin name for red yeast rice =

A

Monascus purpureus

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46
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

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47
Q

Which family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice?:
Monacolins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin

A

monacolins

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48
Q 
Which adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice?:
Elevated liver enzymes
Muscle pain
Excessive bleeding tendency 
Hypotension
Hypertension
Tenderness
Weakness
A

elevated liver enzymes, muscle pain, tenderness, weakness

49
Q

Matricaria recutita Is latin for _____
pineapple
evening primrose
German chamomile

A

German chamomile

50
Q

Which part of the plant is used for chamomile?

A

Flowers

51
Q

Name the active constituent: chamomile (Matricaria recutita) - exerts anxiety-reducing effects:
apigenin
helenalin
tannins

A

Apigenin

52
Q

_______ from Germany has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers

A

Chamomile

53
Q

Symphytum officinale Is latin for _____
German chamomile
comfrey
witch hazel

A

comfrey

54
Q

Which specific part is used from comfrey?

A

leaves, roots

55
Q

Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially-toxic constituent?

A

unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids

56
Q

Melaleuca alternifolia Is latin for _____
evening primrose
tea tree oil
pineapple

A

Tea tree oil

57
Q

Name the active constituent: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia):
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin
gamma-linolenic acid

A

(+)-terpinen-4-ol

58
Q

Hamamelis virginiana Is latin for _____
witch hazel
comfrey
German chamomile

A

witch hazel

59
Q

Name the active constituent: Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana):
tannins
alpha-bisabolol
apigenin

A

tannins

60
Q

Which specific part is used from witch hazel?

A

leaves, twigs, bark

61
Q

_________ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention hemorrhoidal disease

A

witch hazel

62
Q

_________ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for cutaneous fungal infections

A

tea tree oil

63
Q

Latin name for aloe vera =

A

barbadensis mill

64
Q

__ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of Psoriasis and genital herpes

A

aloe vera

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

66
Q

Which preparation of aloe vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions?

A

Gel

67
Q

What herbs were formerly FDA - approved over the counter laxatives, but have since been disapproved due to modern efficacy and safety research?

A

Cascara and Aloe

68
Q

Oenotherae biennis Is latin for _____
witch hazel
evening primrose
German chamomile

A

evening primrose

69
Q

Which specific part is used from Evening primrose?

A

seed oil

70
Q

Name the active constituent: Evening primrose oil (Oenotherae biennis )
gamma-linolenic acid
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
apigenin

A

gamma-linolenic

71
Q

______ has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for atopic eczema

A

evening primrose oil

72
Q

Ananas comosus Is latin for _____
comfrey
pineapple
witch hazel

A

pineapple

73
Q

What herbals are most known for potentiating anticoagulant medications?

A

Bromelain

74
Q

promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention of post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose and paranasal sinuses

A

Bromelain

75
Q

Which botanical medicine may potentiate (increase power) the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications?

A

Bromelain

76
Q

Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics?

A

Bromelain

77
Q

An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (marketed in North America as Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is

A

Bromelain

78
Q

Which specific part is used from Arnica?

A

Flower

79
Q

Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions?

A

Arnica

80
Q

Name the active constituent: Arnica
helenalin
tannins
amma-linolenic acid

A

helenalin

81
Q

T/F: Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark (salicis cort) proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb

A

False

82
Q

Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?

  1. Eucalyptus
  2. Pine
  3. Butterbur
  4. Thyme
A

Butterbur

83
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butterbur if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

  1. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
  2. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
  3. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
  4. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
A

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

84
Q

hich plant part(s) of petasites hybridus (butterbur) was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis?

A

Leaf

85
Q

Which two of the following botanicals can contain potentially toxic pyrrolidines?

  1. Plantain
  2. Butterbur
  3. Coltsfoot
  4. Mallow
A

Butterbur

86
Q

What is the active constituent of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)?

A

Menthol

87
Q

Best herb for IBS

A

peppermint oil

88
Q

A combination of peppermint oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia (pain, bloating, etc)?

A

Caraway

89
Q

T/F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint (Mentha × piperita) oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.

A

True

90
Q

iridoid glycosides are the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract for which botanical?

A

Devils claw

91
Q

______ is the latin binomial name for Devil’s claw
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium

A

Harpagophytum procumbens

92
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?
Devil’s claw

A

tuber

93
Q

______ is the latin binomial name for Feverfew
Petasites hybridus
Harpagophytum procumbens
Tanacetum perthenium

A

Tanacetum perthenium

94
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Feverfew

A

leaf

95
Q

Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs?

A

Feverfew and butterbur

96
Q

According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?

  1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
  2. For fatigue and debility
  3. To improve mood
  4. As an aid to convalescence
A

To improve mood

97
Q

The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except

  1. intermittent claudication
  2. prevention of stroke
  3. vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
  4. cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
A

prevention of stroke

98
Q

Indicate all of the correct statements below regarding the German Commission E:

  1. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
  2. Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them
  3. The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today - - The Commission E monographs are only available in German language editions
  4. All are correct
  5. None are correct
A

1.

99
Q

All of the following except one are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines?. Which one is not a good argument?

  1. Interactions between herbs and drugs
  2. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
  3. Adulteration of some preparations with drugs - Lack of routine reporting of adverse events
  4. Lack of standardization among herbal preparations
A
  1. excessive prices
100
Q

What are the key arguments AGAINST increasing regulation of botanical medicines in the United States?

A

difficult to reach the proof for medical efficacy

101
Q

What is an enteric coated capsule? In what ways can they be helpful and at what point should they be used in relation to a meal?:

  1. Allow for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
  2. Improves ease of swallowing
  3. Extends shelf life
  4. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients
  5. Taken at least one hour before a meal
  6. Coating protects the medicinal core
  7. All of the above
A

All of the above

102
Q

When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken?

A

At least 1 hour before a meal

103
Q

Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?

  1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
  2. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.
  3. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.
  4. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.
A

1.

104
Q

According to the German Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, modern research on the efficacy of ginkgo biloba should assess all but one of the following categories of outcomes in patients with dementia. Which category is not a required outcome to assess?

  1. Activities of daily living, social behavior, care needs
  2. Global assessment of the patient by the physician
  3. Psychometric assessment of cognitive abilities
  4. Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state
A

Subjective self-assessment of patient’s mood state

105
Q

The European Union relies on which agency to update critical information about phytomedicines?

A

European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy

106
Q

Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?:

  1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
  2. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.
  3. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.
  4. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.
A
  1. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
107
Q

What is the relationship between alliin, alliinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?

A

Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

108
Q

What does it mean for an herbal to “potentiate” a pharmaceutical medication? What precautions need to be taken in cases like this?

A

The herb increases the power or effect of the medication

Contraindications should be noted; taken with care

109
Q

Which of the following, if any, is not one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs:

  1. Cultivation
  2. Climate
  3. Soil quality
  4. Plant genetics
  5. All of the above are factors
A

all of the above

110
Q 
water POURED boiling over herb and covered, STEEPED 10 minutes, then strain 
(taken off the heat):
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion
A

infusion

111
Q

COVERED with water, boiled, SIMMER 10 minutes, strained
(left on the heat)
used for harder plant materials like roots, seeds and bark:
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

decoction

112
Q

covered with room temperature water, stands 6 hours, strained

Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

maceration

113
Q

What is standardization about and what are its main purposes?

A

Standardization guarantees the content of one or more active constituents and marker compounds

114
Q

T/F: Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content.

A

False

115
Q

T/F: The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does not account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression.

A

False

116
Q

When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a __________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a __________.

A

before and after comparison,

placebo effect.

117
Q

which garlic preparation is used in used in most clinical trials

A

garlic powder

118
Q

which garlic preparation is used in used in steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown of active constituents

A

garlic oil

119
Q

which garlic preparation is used in fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents

A

Aged garlic

Botanical (3 decks)

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