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The First World War > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Creeping Barrage

A
  1. was the French strategy at Verdun
  2. Robert Nivelle
  3. send 1 group of men up and over the top
  4. they need cover
  5. as firing, advance 100 yds every 4 min.
  6. artillery fires as infantry is crawling and advancing
  7. if they don’t advance quickly enough or advance too quickly then they die of friendly fire
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2
Q

Somme

A
  1. British wanted to use mines and used tanks
    - mines detonated under trenches
  2. British soldiers dug below German trenches (tunneling)
  3. Germans knew attack was coming
  4. bombardment had little effect, some were buried alive, and was an ultimate failure
  5. Also used creeping barrage
  6. When casualties were low Haig was cranky, when casualties were high he believed they were fighting well
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3
Q

Somme facts

A
  1. 100,000 shells/day for seven days
  2. 7:26 am, July 1st 1916
  3. 100,000 over the top
  4. Objective:take 10 miles on first day by creeping b
  5. First 8 hrs: 20,000 dead + 40,000 wounded
    - offensive strategy, defensive weapons
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4
Q

Battle of the Somme Casualties

A

Br: 420,000
Fr: 200,000
G: 450,000

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5
Q

Battle of Somme results

A 
Hindenburg Line (25 miles) (retreat line)
Gov. documentary = morale boost
British gained 6-7 square miles
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6
Q

Submarine Warfare

A
  1. Believed submarines would tip the war
  2. hit and run, change the way naval warfare would be fought
  3. Germany started with 10 U boats
  4. Germany U21 sunk Firth of Forth with a single torpedo, ships taht stood by to rescue were also shot down
  5. U-9 sank Hogue, Cressy, and Abaque in 3 minutes (considered live bait squad)
  6. 700 saved, 1400 killed, churchill blamed
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7
Q

Room 40

A
  1. previously knew nothing about war vessels
  2. Russians passed Magde code book to British intelligence (Room 40) - code breaking room
  3. Russians captured German cruiser Magdeburg
  4. men in room could speak German and kryptography
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8
Q

Deutschland

A
  1. set out for America
  2. could carry tons of supplies
  3. 8 mil Americans had German parents/ancestors
    - some attempted to enlist in German army
  4. treated as heroes - returned with nickel and coper (boosted morale)
  5. too small to break blockade
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9
Q

Jutland

A
  1. entire British fleet was on way to intercept Germans - were using loose blockade
  2. German ships left harbor, Adm Scheer wanted to sink enough of Navy to get supplies
  3. Germans seemed to be luring British into a trap
  4. Germans are bombarding, british shoot slow and precise as if far away
  5. Wilhelm claimed victory
  6. GB lost 14 ships and 6000 men
  7. G lost 11 ships and 2500 men
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10
Q

Total War involves regulation of

A
  1. consumption of food and fuel
  2. clothes, boots
  3. H2O
  4. Production, factories
  5. need to increase economy by:
    - tax colonies
    - war bonds
  6. propaganda and censorship - communication, radio, newspapers
  7. use of land - need hospitals, bases
  8. weapons, labor force
  9. transportation networks
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11
Q

DORA (Defense of Realm Acts)

A
  1. British Summer Time - move clocks forward by 1hr to gain daylight
  2. Control of Mines and railways (reviously owned by citizens
  3. Rationing: take card to grocery clerk - get less than usual
  4. Censorship: before anything can be published, must run by gov censor
  5. Dilute beer: took percent from 12-15 to 5 bc didn’t want wasted people to work on making bombs
  6. Licensing Hours: only 5hrs to buy alcohol
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12
Q

British Conscription

A
  1. BEF (3,000,000 + volunteers)
  2. 1916 - conscription - 1st - only single men
  3. 1918 - married men as old as 50
  4. Total: 4.9 million enlisted (roughly 50/50 split) -22% of population
  5. 2.8 million from colonies (50% from India, 19 from NZ, 13 from canada, 13 from australia, 11 from south africa
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13
Q

Financing the War

A
  1. war bond- loan money to gov. (receive slight interest)

- % of income

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14
Q

Easter Rebellion

A
  1. 1916, Ireland, Dublin, 1600 ppl were captured, British sent 10,000 troops
  2. German submarine was blown up bc it was nearly captured (Ireland thought they were arriving two days later)
  3. Free Ireland
  4. Anti-war movement
  5. guns smuggled
  6. Zimmermann (G) wanted to destabolize Britain
    - becoming increasingly desperate
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15
Q

Zimmermann’s 4 pronged attack (easter rebellion)

A
  1. 25,000 troops to land on west coast - leaders got cold feet
  2. submarine in dublin - sunk
  3. zeppelin raids over London
  4. Supply weapons > submarine
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16
Q

Battle of Asiago

A
  1. Conrad (A-H) wanted to take Padua to prevent Italians from further fighting - Falkenhayn says not to do this, he does it anyways
  2. Moved 9 divisions from Russioan front; heavy guns
  3. Take italian city of Asiago (late May 1916)
  4. 147, 000 Italian casualties; 81,000 AH casualties
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17
Q

Entry of Romania

A
  1. Ion Bratianu (PM) - joined alliance aug 17, 1916
  2. join Entene, want land - offered money and have oil, Transylvania, Banat
  3. Bucharet (capitol taken by 5 dec 1916)
  4. 200,000 casualties
  5. 150,000 POW
  6. Ploesti oil fields controlled by Germans and AH
18
Q

The Air War

A
  1. Aerial Combat Begins (1915)
    ~ bi-planes, wood/fabric, 50mph, rear mounted engines and propellers
  2. Newer aircraft - interrupter gear (pauses propeller from spinning so you could shoot without hitting propeller)
  3. Oswald Boelcke (G) - concept of fighter squadrons
  4. Red Barron - 80 kills - fighter wing
  5. (GB) sopwith camel has gun on top - machine ngun on top
  6. (GB) bristol f-2: two seat bomber
  7. impacts: raids impacted morale, inflicted little actual damage
19
Q

Second Battle of Aisne

A

Nivelle Offensive:

  1. 80 km front, 1.2 millon troops (19 Div), 7,000 guns
  2. 48 hr breakthrough
  3. 1st day: 40,000 Fr casualties
  4. Problems with creeping barrage
20
Q

Second Battle of Aisne results

A
  1. abandoned offense on 9 may
  2. Fr casualties: 187,000
  3. G casualties: 168,000
  4. widespread mutiny
  5. by may 27, 30,000 AWOL (43%)
  6. Mass tials, 554 sentenced, 43 executed
21
Q

French Mutiny

A
  1. Morale was low because Verdun was exhausting - killed, wounded, missiong for no reason - Nivelle promised new tactics but didn’t provide
  2. Nivelle wanted to advance 6 miles, instead they advaned 600 yds, 200,000 men were killed/wounded
  3. Nivelle promised to sto after 2 days, pushed on for 10 days
  4. 1 casualty for every minute that the war lasted - soldiers would defend but didn’t want to attack
  5. Full scale mutiny - half of French army, groups of men, entire units refused to re-enter trenches
  6. Petain replaced Nivelle, living conditions were improved - would wait for tanks and Americans
22
Q

Caporetto (12th Isonzo)

A
  1. combined G/AH
  2. Tolmino salient, straighten lines
  3. meant to relieve AH forces
  4. push Italians 25km on first day
  5. use shock troops - infiltaration tech, grenaes, flamethrowers
  6. moved so quickly that they overstretched supply lines
  7. Italian casualties: 300,000 (90% POWs)
23
Q

Passchendaele

A
  1. GB: Haig, goal, wants to reach German U-Boat bases
  2. Ridge at Messines (Germans hold high ground)
  3. 10 day artillery bombardment
  4. 3,000 guns, 4.25 million shells
  5. heavy rains = swamp
  6. almost zero gains
  7. Br: 310,000
  8. G: 260,000
24
Q

U.S. Entry into War

A
  1. continued isolationism - stay uninvolved and neutral, no sale in arms to either side
  2. sinking of lusitania
  3. Resumption of unrestricted submarine welfare
  4. zimmerman note
  5. mobilization for war - selective service act, volunteers didnt meet 1/3 of expectation
25
Q

Lusitania

A 
1. sunk by G UBoat
2, American civilians on board
3. British ship
4. sinks on Irish coast
5. war supplies
6. passenger ship
26
Q

Zimmerman note

A
  1. German foreign minister for mexico
  2. told mexicans they could fight U.S. and take back texas, new mexico, and arizona
  3. room 40 intercepted
27
Q

The Girls w/ Yellow Hands

A
  1. Dramatic change in workforce
  2. shell making (1 million women in munition factories)
  3. didn’t mind dying for country - looked down upon by men
  4. 16-18 casualties/night from fumes and tnt poisoning
  5. hundreds died from explosions
  6. acids felt like pins/needles
  7. symptoms of poisoning - common cold, front hair ginger, yellow faces, 1/2 never have children
28
Q

Women’s Battalion of Death

A

If Russian men would not fight, Russian women would

Yaschka

29
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

(Russia loses WWI) Germany wins eastern front
Russia loses 27% of European territory, 40% of Russian population, 70% of iron and coal (known)
- Germany is now able to ship huge # of troops to western front

30
Q

Men w/ Broken Faces

A
  1. wounds of nose - continuous reminder of what they went through in gas attacks and bombardments
  2. concealed war wounds with masks (lessened depression)
  3. sruggles, gargoyles, public reactions, artists
31
Q

Kathe kollwitz

A
  1. watched son set off to fight - killed 2nd day of battle
  2. art portrayed hardships of the anguish
    “Can only see madness in this world”
32
Q

Treaty of Versailles

1. Territory

A
  1. poland became independent country and had access to the sea
  2. Rhineland remains part of Germany, cannot have military
  3. Alsace-Lorraine to France; Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark
  4. Plebiscite-Saarland was lent to French for 15yrs, after which the people vote France or Germany
  5. Germany lost overseas colonies
33
Q

Treaty of Versailles

2. Military Provisions

A
  1. G army > 100,000 men, only 4,000 can be officers
    2, training academies abolished
  2. no modern weapons (airplanes, subs, bombs, tanks, machine guns, mines) - can only have rifles and hand guns
  3. British take German ships (no navy)
  4. league of nations sends weapons inspectors
34
Q

Treaty of Versailles

3. Economic/Commercial Provisons

A
  1. 33 billion in reparations in gold

2. give most favored nation trading status (no tariffs or taxes)

35
Q

Treaty of Versailles

4. Moral Clauses (Blame Clause)

A
  1. Germany must accept sole responsibility, must hand over war criminals - war criminals on Entente were never prosecuted
36
Q

Treaty of Versailles - Germany’s Response

A
  1. Reichstag votes and agrees to accept treaty (237 to 148) - 148 voted to continue fighting
  2. accept on deadline with 2 hrs to spare
37
Q

Treaty of Versailles - sighting

A

28 June, 1919 - exactly 5 yrs after assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand

38
Q

Treaties of Saint Germain and Trianon

A
  1. Dissolve AH empire > Austria and Hungary
  2. war reparations
  3. no union with Germany (Austria wanted to be known as Eastern German Reich)
  4. Both armies limited > A: 30,000; H: 35,000
  5. Newly defined borders
    - A: 6 million ppl
    - H: 7 million ppl
  6. Both were landlocked
39
Q

Treaty of Sevres

A
  1. Financial Constraints - Entente control of banks, gov. budget, and currency
  2. sykes-Picot Treaty: France receives Lebenon and Syria
    - B receives, Iraq, Paleistine and something else
  3. Minority Provisons - cannot discriminate against ethnic or religious minorities (due to Arminean Genocide)
  4. Military restrictions - 7 reg, 6 toredo boats allowed, no airforce, 50,000 troops
40
Q

Wilson’s 14 points

A
  1. Diplomatic: league, no secret alliances, freedom of seas
  2. Economic: free trade no tariffs or taxes
  3. military: arms reduction
  4. Political: national self-determination (people should be able to chose own gov and borders)
  5. Territorial: break up empires
41
Q

Shell Shock

A

Symptoms: nervous system’s response to unbearable reality, couldn’t look at a soldier’s hat, only responded to certain words (bomb), emotionlessness

  1. electrotherapy
  2. psychotherapy (the talking cure - sigmund freud)
42
Q

Siegfried Sassoon

A
  1. crazy ass mother
  2. youngest brother killed in Galipoli - hit in shoulder by sniper’s bullet
  3. dead were visiing him at night
  4. wrote that war went from defense to conquor
    - war was dishonorable
  5. committed to insane asylum bc of his views of war
    - “anyone who thinks the war is mad must be mad themselves”

The First World War (5 decks)

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