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The First World War > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bismarck’s Three Principles

A
  1. Keep France isolated -
    didn’t want them to form an alliance with Russia (two front war)
  2. Stay on good terms with Great Britain
  3. Keep A-H and Russia from fighting
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2
Q

Results of the Berlin Conference (Bismarck)

A

1878 - Russia v. Ottomans in the Black Sea

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3
Q

Russia v. Ottomans in the Black Sea

A
  1. Serbia, Romania, and Mentenegro gain indep.

2. A-H gained control over Bosnia-Herzegovina (eastern orthadox, christian, muslim, catholic)

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4
Q

Balkan Crisis’s

A

1908 - A-H annexes Bosnia-Herzegavina (serbs not happy)
1912 - Bugaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece attacked Ottoman Empire
1913 - Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece attack Bulgaria

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5
Q

Moroccan Crisis’s

A

1906 - GB and R say France can control, G + A-H vote no; Germany offended
1911 - Wilhelm II sends ships to Agadir and commands G be given part of Morocco

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6
Q

Schlieffen Plan (Battle of Cannae)

A

five armies, counter clockwise movement through Ardennes forest, control channel so English can’t come over, take Paris in under 40 days (Gen. Von Moltke)

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7
Q

Plan 17 (French)

A

Retake Alstrash Lorain (hold Germans), don’t expect German to move through Belgium or forest - French forces are south, German forces are North (Gen. Joseph Joffre, Gen. Augustin Michel)

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8
Q

Christmas Truce

A
  • opens in stalemate
  • soldiers try to protect themselves with strange inventions (iron knitting to protect eyes, mobile body encasement body armor for bullets)
  • live & let live (no firing @ dinner or Sundays), certain amount of bullets they can fire where they knew enemy isn’t
  • burried the dead
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9
Q

Italian entry into the war

A
  • Antonio Salandra (head of largest political party) wanted to restore sacred pride
  • Treaty of London: Italy enters war on side of TE - loan of 50 mil. euros and territorial gains (taken from AH)
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10
Q

Chemical Weaponry

A
  1. Chlorine
  2. Phosgene
  3. Tear
  4. Mustard
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11
Q

Chlorine

A
  • April 1915 @ Ypres (Germans
  • yellow/green
  • attacks lungs and resp. system
  • horrific wounds, unlikely to die
  • cheap, shell, immediate
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12
Q

Phosgene

A
  • Dec 1915 @ Ypres (Germans)
  • colorless, musty odor
  • 4x heavier than air
  • suffocate, will kill you
  • settles in bottom of lungs
  • 48hrs
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13
Q

Tear

A
  • colorless, attacks lungs/resp. system
  • irritates mucous membrane
  • goes away if cloth/gas masks (wet stops penetration)
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14
Q

Mustard

A
  • july 1917 (Germans)
  • yellow/brown, strong odor
  • delayed reaction (eyes, mucous memb.)
  • blistering agent
  • attacks anything with moisture - burn from inside out
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15
Q

Ultimatum to Serbia

A
  • delivered 23 July; 48 hr deadline
  • three main demands
    1. suppress anti-AH propaganda (lack of freedom of speech & press)
    2. allow AH military intelligence into country & hand over Black Hand members
    3. reserve right to name people to be handed over later
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16
Q

Reactions to the ultimatum

A
  • Russian Foreign Minister mobilizes 4 units
  • Great Britain wants a conference to avoid war
  • France contacs Russians, begin mobilization
  • German foreign minister delays sending telegram to AH saying they should work it out by 12 hours
17
Q

Short War Illusion

A
  • memory of recent wars (have been quick)
  • cult of the offensive (believe offense wins/war manly
  • memory was selective and faulty (think of glorious things that have happened rather than hardships, pride, generals were old and couldn’t physically go with troops into battle)
18
Q

Ottoman entry into the war

A
  • Enver Pasha concerned about shrinking borders
  • negotiated a secret treaty for $1 mil and would join G
  • sent warships into the Black Sea and attacked Russians
    Jihad (holy war - spiritual)
19
Q

Official entry

A

Oct 31, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire

Nov. 14, OE declared war on B and F in response

20
Q

Winter Battle

A
  • Wilhelm II’s authorization (remobilization from west to east)
  • 10th and 8th armies
  • trying to get rid of Masurian Lakes salient
  • surrounded R 10th A (Augustow Forest) - 100,000 R MIA, 90,000 R POW
  • G then set eyes on Brest Litovsk (125 mi E of Augustow) - want to knock Russians out of the war
21
Q

Results of the Winter War

A
  • G pushed R 300 miles east and eliminated R salient
  • Sept 1915 Nicholas II took command
  • food/coal shortages continued (warfront and homefront)
  • Rasputin
22
Q

Rasputin

A
  • healer, mystic

- gains power through Nich’s wife, nobles try assassination

23
Q

“White Man’s War” -the role of the colonies

A
  • sources of manpower (laborers or soldiers) millions
  • resources (food, minerals, raw mat. (rubber, oil)
  • taxes (don’t tax home -threaten morale)
  • Kande Kamara (father didn’t want him to fight for oppressors, no longer held Europeans in such high regard, “man’s war”)
24
Q

Chinese Labour Corps

A
  • equality in eyes of Europeans (equals)
  • join triple entente
  • abrogate unequal treaty with G (control of port cities)
  • FR begins July 1916 - 50,000 Chinese
  • GB begins Oct 1916 - 100,000 Chinese
  • Japan
25
Q

21 Demands (1st)

A

1st - Jap. has same unequal treaty G. had and strengthens it (control Tsingtao)

26
Q

21 Demands (2nd)

A

RR connecting port cities (in Shantung) - economic control

27
Q

21 Demands (3rd)

A

Manchuria - RRs, no one else can build RR or coal mines but Jap. - economic, mineral rights to anything in Manchuria
- co own major comp. that opperates in Manch

28
Q

21 Demands (4th)

A

jap controls coastlines

29
Q

21 Demands (5th)

A

military advisors to china - must obey, Japs can build schools, hospitals, temples, joint police force, joined arsenal, buddist priests can preach to whoever they want

30
Q

Use of Zeppelins

A

stratigic bombing

The First World War (5 decks)

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