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Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A central component of fatigue is that it is ALWAYS _______________.

A

Reversible with rest

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2
Q

True or false. Different muscles in the body fatigue at different rates during exercise.

A

True

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3
Q

True or false. The warmer the weather, the longer a person can exercise until reaching exhaustion/fatigue during physical activity.

A

False

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4
Q

When taking skinfolds, we assume that all body tissue is either fat mass or fat free mass (i.e., Mass = FM + FFM). This is called the _____________

A

Two-compartment model

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5
Q

Which type of tissue is more dense?

A

Fat free mass

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6
Q

Which body composition method relies on Archimedes principle?

A

Underwater weighing

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7
Q

Approximately what % of US adults are overweight or obese?

A

70%

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8
Q

Which of the following body composition techniques does NOT first determine body density in order to predict % fat?

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

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9
Q

Which of the following body composition methods can assess bone mass?

A

Duel-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

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10
Q

True or false. There is not a one-size-fits-all optimal body composition for sport performance. In other words, an optimal body composition for one sport may not be the optimal body composition for a different sport.

A

True

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11
Q

Calcium is stored in the _______, to be released to start muscle contraction.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

The ends of a sarcomere are called the ______.

A

Z-discs

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13
Q

In the resting state, ________ blocks the myosin binding sites on actin to prevent muscle contraction.

A

Tropomyosin

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14
Q

True or false. The shortening of actin and myosin during cross bridge cycling results in the sarcomere shortening, which in turn results in muscle contraction.

A

False

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15
Q

Action potentials are able to transmitted across the neuromuscular junction due to the action of the neurotransmitter ___________.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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16
Q

ATP is needed during what part of muscle contraction?

A

Allowing myosin head to release from the actin.

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17
Q

Stains darkest when determining muscle fiber type

A

Type I

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18
Q

Highest resistance to fatigue

A

Type I

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19
Q

Largest motor units

A

Type IIx

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20
Q

Highest oxidative capacity

A

Type I

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21
Q

Causes of Fatigue

A
  1. Inadequate energy delivery/metabolism
  2. Accumulation of metabolic by-products
  3. Muscle activation influence
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22
Q

Define obese in terms of BMI.

A

30+ BMI

23
Q

Define overweight in terms of BMI.

A

25-29.9 BMI

24
Q

Define the normal BMI range.

A

18.5-24.9 BMI

25
Q

BMI equation

A

kg/m^2

26
Q

Body density equation

A

D= (BW) / [(BW-UWW-RV)/DH20]

Archimedes Principle

27
Q

What are Siri calculations used for?

A

Calculating %fat when body density is known. (Skin folds)

28
Q

Underwater weighing pros and cons.

A

Pros: 2-3% error, inexpensive, not affected by pretest protocol (Gold Standard)
Cons: Uncomfortable, estimate RV

29
Q

Bod Pod pros and cons.

A

Pros: 2-3% error (from UWW), more comfortable
Cons: Expensive, relies on pretest protocol

30
Q

DEXA pros and cons.

A

Pros: 1-2% error (from UWW), 3 component model, regional BC, pre-test is less important
Cons: Radiation exposure, expensive, not field based, requires technical expertise, cannot use with metal implants

31
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) pros and cons.

A

Pros: Easy and quick, field based, 3-4% error from UWW
Cons: Tests only part of body, no regional BC, hydration status heavily affects error

32
Q

Define android and gynoid body types.

A

Android is apple shaped. Gynoid is pear shaped. Gynoid causes less health complications due to less fat near the vital organs.

33
Q

Recommended micronutrient balance

A

Carb: 55-60% of daily kcals
Fat: <35%
Protein: 10-15%

34
Q

Recommended carb intake during exercise.

A

20-25g of high GI food/drink of carbs every 30-45 min.

35
Q

True or false. It is possible to produce more force during a maximal eccentric contraction than a maximal concentric contraction.

A

False

36
Q

When picking up a water bottle from the table, what type of muscle fibers will supply the force needed to accomplish this task?

A

Type I

37
Q

ACSM’s recommendations for resistance training/muscle strengthening exercise:

A
  • 2+ days/week non-consecutive
  • All major muscle groups
  • Exercises, sets, and reps dependent on training experience and goals
38
Q

Archimedes principle

A

Archimedes principle: A person in water displaces a certain amount of water which bouys them upward (making them lighter). By assessing weight out of water and weight in water, it’s possible to determine a person’s body volume, which can be used to calculate body density (D=M/V), which can then be converted to a %fat.

39
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of hydrostatic weighing

A

Advantages:
Inexpensive (costs less than many other BC measurement tools)
Accurate (2-3% error)

Disadvantages:
Uncomfortable (subject needs to get wet and let air out before going underwater)
Cannot be used as a field test (other models such as BIA can be done relatively anywhere)

40
Q

Plyometric training utilizes the ________ reflex to increase the force of muscle contraction

A

Muscle spindle

41
Q

Which of the following does not rely on densitometry for body composition assessment?

A

BIA

42
Q

True or false. Toya experiences DOMS following a high-intensity workout. While DOMS is painful, it will not acutely lower the maximal force generation of the muscles with DOMS.

A

False

43
Q

Which of the measures will be heavily influenced by hydration status?

A

BIA

44
Q

True or false. Heavenly and Quad both consume 60 g of carbohydrate in a recovery drink following exercise, but Heavenly consumes her drink 15 minutes after exercise and Quad consumes her drink 4 hours after exercise. These two women will likely have the same level of glycogen resynthesis from the recovery drink.

A

False

45
Q

True or false. Pennated muscles can produce more force than parallel muscle fibers of the same size.

A

True

46
Q

Toya, a 65 kg female powerlifter, comes to our lab with questions about nutrition. What is the most protein you would recommend for her based on recommended intakes discussed in class?

A

110g

47
Q

Which of the following is the only true gold standard measure of body composition?

A

Underwater weighing

48
Q

Which of the following body composition methods does NOT rely on the 2-compartment model?

A

DEXA

49
Q

Risk of DOMS is higher with exercise involving eccentric contractions compared to exercise involving and concentric contractions.

A

True

50
Q

Santa Claus wakes up in the morning and immediately does a workout before breakfast. He finds that he fatigues more quickly than on days where he works out 2-3 hours after lunch. What is the most likely mechanism contributing to greater fatigue in his morning workout?

A

Inadequate energy delivery

51
Q

What is the difference between fatigue and injury?

A

Fatigue is reversible with rest, whereas injury is not

52
Q

Donald (90 kg) and Bugs (70 kg) are walking together at 2.5 mph. Both have a VO2 of 1.5 L/min. In relative terms, who is more economical during the walk?

A

Donald

53
Q

Aerobic training causes a(n) ____________ shift in lactate threshold, allowing individuals to exercise at a higher intensity before accumulating lactic acid in the blood.

A

Right

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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