Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Behavioral ecology
A
-primarily concerned with interpreting behavior in ultimate terms
2
Q
Proximate
A
- What stimuli elect the behavior?
- what are the genetic, physiological, and anatomical factors that influence behavior and how do they operate?
3
Q
Ultimate
A
- What is the adaptive significance of a particular behavior?
- Does a particular behavior maximize fitness?
4
Q
How do we study behavior?
A
- Focal animal sampling
- Scan/flock sampling
- Censusing
5
Q
Mating systems to optimize fitness outcomes:
A
- -Genetic quality of offspring
- Survival of offspring
- Certainty of paternity
- Allocation of effort
6
Q
Mating systems may be shaped by:
A
- adaptions
- resources
- temporal factors
7
Q
Monogamy
A
an exclusive association with a single member of the opposite sex
8
Q
Social monogamy
A
-apparent monogamy, where an exclusive social pair bond is formed
9
Q
How long could a pair bond last
A
-a single breeding attempt, a breeding season, or many breeding seasons
10
Q
Monogamy would be predicted when:
A
- males are unable to monopolize more than on female
- female home range is large
- females are solitary
11
Q
Sociality
A
male paternal behavior shaped by permanent group living
12
Q
Bi-paternal care is used if:
A
-if success raising of young requires dual parental investment
13
Q
What could be a factor in deciding about biparental care
A
Paternity certainty
14
Q
Facultative monogomy
A
-male forms monogamous pair with female due to absence of other mating opportunities
15
Q
Obligate monogamy
A
-species where females cannot rear their young without the help of their partners
16
Q
Extra-pair copulations (EPCs)
A
- Copulations with individuals other than a mate or social partner
- may result in extra-pair fertilizations in young
17
Q
Benefits of EPCs in males
A
- increased fitness
- possible future mate acquisition
- insurance against mates infertility
18
Q
Benefits of EPCs in females
A
- fertility insurance
- genetically diverse young
- access to resources
19
Q
Polygamy
A
-system involves pair bonds with multiple mates of the opposite sex
20
Q
Types of polygamy
A
- Resource defense
- Scramble competition
- Lek
21
Q
Lek
A
- clustered male territories or just males displaying, that females visit strictly for mating
- no male parental care
22
Q
where are leks formed?
A
where females are most likely to be encountered of where resources are most abundant
23
Q
Epidemiology
A
the study of the incidence and control of disease and epidemics
24
Q
Enzootic
A
present in the population at some expected/predicted frequency at a given time
25
Epizootic
occurs at a greater frequency than expected/predicted
26
Vector
an animal that physically carries the disease agent from host to host
27
Reservoir
host that sustains a disease agent
28
High virulent agents cause:
rapid death
29
The probability of being infected increases with:
density of infection animals
30
Infectious diseases:
- bacteria
- Parasites
- viruses
- fungi
- prions
31
definition of a parasitic disease
-host in which the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces sexualy
32
Prions
- contain only protien, not nucleic acids
| - transmissible abnormal, pathogenic agents
33
Non-infectous disseases are caused by:
- environmental factors
| - toxic substances
34
When we manage habitat, we are trying to manage populations by:
- Changing the growth rate
| - Changing the carrying capacity
35
Restoration ecology
-the science or scientific endeavor of conducting research to guide restoration efforts
36
Ecological restoration
-the practice of restoring an ecological system
37
What is the first thing to do in restoration ecology?
-Define targets
-What are we restoring to?
What are our wildlife population goals?
-What are the current conditions?
-What are the desired conditions?
38
Succession
changes to species composition, physical structure, and species interactions of an ecosystem
39
Primary succession
occur on an entirely new location which has never been colonized before
40
Secondary succession
changes which take place on a colonized, but disturbed or altered area
41
ways to manage current population size
- adding or removing individuals from population
| - maintain a given pop size, reduce the standing pop size, or increase it
42
ways to manage future pop size
-changing the growth rate
43
Ex situ conservation
-captive breeding, gene and seed banks, forms of maintaining species artificially and offsite
44
introductions
releasing animals where they never existed
45
Reintroductions
releasing captive born animals where they once existed and no longer do
46
Translocations
moving wild-born animals from one place to another
47
Most PVAs are concerned with answering.....
extinction risks
48
what year was the 5th amendment ratified
1791
49
Takings clause
- 5th amendment
| - govt can take private property and convert it to public use
50
martin v waddell
-foundation of the public trust doctrine in the US
51
1964 wilderness act
-secures the benefits of wilderness for the people and future generations
52
Who are typically trustees of wildlife for the US
-legislatures or wildlife commissions
53
Obligations of a wildlife trustee
- understand the needs of the beneficiaries of the trust
- engage the beneficiaries of the trust
- consider there in determining goal and objectives
54
stakeholder
any person who is significantly affected by, or affects, wildlife management decisions or actions
55
stakeholders are people with:
-various interests or stakes
56
Stakes
-recreational, cultural, psychological, social, economic, ecological, health and safety impacts
57
stakeholder approaches
- Expert authority
- Passive-receptive
- Inquisitive
- Intermediary
- Transactional
- Co-management
58
Expert decision
- top-down
| - wildlife mangers make decisons and take actions unilaterally
59
Passive-receptive
-when managers welcome stakeholder input, but do not specifically seek it
60
Inquisitive
-managers seek info about stakeholders to inform an anticipated management decision
61
Intermediary approach
-encourages 2-way communication between stakeholder groups and wildlife managers
62
Transactional approach
-used when a choice must be made, range of stakes at hand, choice must prioritize different stakes
63
Key elements of planning
- future control
- problem solving
- team effort
- no single approach
- adaptive framework
- intention to implement
64
Major frameworks
- directives and agency guidance
- enviornmental compliance
- incentive programs
65
NEPA
- National Environmental Policy ACt
- requires federal agencies to identify, analyze, describe, and publicly disclose the env impacts associated with federal actuon
66
A ____ is a gathering of males where they display or conduct other courtship behaviors for mating purposes
lek
67
wildlife disease can be cause by non-infectous agents such as _____ , a product of coal burning power plants, that is reported to cause negative effects on birds, waterfowl, and bats in NY
mercury
68
We would expect the _____ of a population of monogamous species to differ from that of a polygynous species
sex ratio
69
_____ is the term for any disease on animals that can be transmitted to humans
zoonosis
70
The proportion of individuals in a population that are infected by a particular disease is called the ______
prevalence
71
_________is a wildlife disease transmitted from elk to cattle that caused significant effects on both elk and cattle in and around Yellowstone. One management approach that helped manage the disease included _____ the elk population
Brucellosis
| Reducing
72
when conducting a restoration, we may choose to use a management technique that causes disturbance to the system, such as a prescribed fire, to return the system to an earlier ______ stage
successional
73
Wildlife disease can be caused by _____ pathogens including the chytrid pathogen that has affected amphibians and white-nose syndrome in bats
fungi
74
Gamma diversity
-the set of species that could colonize the restoration site
75
______ are abnormal proteins that can be pathogenic. One disease caused by this is called _______ which causes illness including lethargy, and ultimately death
prions
| wasting disease
76
Typhus and spotted fever are zoonoses caused by a special kind of bacteria called the _____
rickettsia
77
what land compromises the vast majority of land in the US
private land
78
alpha diversity
richness and evenness of individuals within a unit
79
beta diversity
expression of diversity between units(sites or habitats
