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Wildlife Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral ecology

A

-primarily concerned with interpreting behavior in ultimate terms

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2
Q

Proximate

A
  • What stimuli elect the behavior?

- what are the genetic, physiological, and anatomical factors that influence behavior and how do they operate?

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3
Q

Ultimate

A
  • What is the adaptive significance of a particular behavior?
  • Does a particular behavior maximize fitness?
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4
Q

How do we study behavior?

A
  • Focal animal sampling
  • Scan/flock sampling
  • Censusing
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5
Q

Mating systems to optimize fitness outcomes:

A
  • -Genetic quality of offspring
  • Survival of offspring
  • Certainty of paternity
  • Allocation of effort
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6
Q

Mating systems may be shaped by:

A
  • adaptions
  • resources
  • temporal factors
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7
Q

Monogamy

A

an exclusive association with a single member of the opposite sex

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8
Q

Social monogamy

A

-apparent monogamy, where an exclusive social pair bond is formed

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9
Q

How long could a pair bond last

A

-a single breeding attempt, a breeding season, or many breeding seasons

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10
Q

Monogamy would be predicted when:

A
  • males are unable to monopolize more than on female
  • female home range is large
  • females are solitary
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11
Q

Sociality

A

male paternal behavior shaped by permanent group living

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12
Q

Bi-paternal care is used if:

A

-if success raising of young requires dual parental investment

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13
Q

What could be a factor in deciding about biparental care

A

Paternity certainty

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14
Q

Facultative monogomy

A

-male forms monogamous pair with female due to absence of other mating opportunities

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15
Q

Obligate monogamy

A

-species where females cannot rear their young without the help of their partners

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16
Q

Extra-pair copulations (EPCs)

A
  • Copulations with individuals other than a mate or social partner
  • may result in extra-pair fertilizations in young
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17
Q

Benefits of EPCs in males

A
  • increased fitness
  • possible future mate acquisition
  • insurance against mates infertility
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18
Q

Benefits of EPCs in females

A
  • fertility insurance
  • genetically diverse young
  • access to resources
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19
Q

Polygamy

A

-system involves pair bonds with multiple mates of the opposite sex

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20
Q

Types of polygamy

A
  • Resource defense
  • Scramble competition
  • Lek
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21
Q

Lek

A
  • clustered male territories or just males displaying, that females visit strictly for mating
  • no male parental care
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22
Q

where are leks formed?

A

where females are most likely to be encountered of where resources are most abundant

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the incidence and control of disease and epidemics

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24
Q

Enzootic

A

present in the population at some expected/predicted frequency at a given time

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25
Q

Epizootic

A

occurs at a greater frequency than expected/predicted

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26
Q

Vector

A

an animal that physically carries the disease agent from host to host

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27
Q

Reservoir

A

host that sustains a disease agent

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28
Q

High virulent agents cause:

A

rapid death

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29
Q

The probability of being infected increases with:

A

density of infection animals

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30
Q

Infectious diseases:

A
  • bacteria
  • Parasites
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • prions
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31
Q

definition of a parasitic disease

A

-host in which the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces sexualy

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32
Q

Prions

A
  • contain only protien, not nucleic acids

- transmissible abnormal, pathogenic agents

33
Q

Non-infectous disseases are caused by:

A
  • environmental factors

- toxic substances

34
Q

When we manage habitat, we are trying to manage populations by:

A
  • Changing the growth rate

- Changing the carrying capacity

35
Q

Restoration ecology

A

-the science or scientific endeavor of conducting research to guide restoration efforts

36
Q

Ecological restoration

A

-the practice of restoring an ecological system

37
Q

What is the first thing to do in restoration ecology?

A

-Define targets
-What are we restoring to?
What are our wildlife population goals?
-What are the current conditions?
-What are the desired conditions?

38
Q

Succession

A

changes to species composition, physical structure, and species interactions of an ecosystem

39
Q

Primary succession

A

occur on an entirely new location which has never been colonized before

40
Q

Secondary succession

A

changes which take place on a colonized, but disturbed or altered area

41
Q

ways to manage current population size

A
  • adding or removing individuals from population

- maintain a given pop size, reduce the standing pop size, or increase it

42
Q

ways to manage future pop size

A

-changing the growth rate

43
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

-captive breeding, gene and seed banks, forms of maintaining species artificially and offsite

44
Q

introductions

A

releasing animals where they never existed

45
Q

Reintroductions

A

releasing captive born animals where they once existed and no longer do

46
Q

Translocations

A

moving wild-born animals from one place to another

47
Q

Most PVAs are concerned with answering…..

A

extinction risks

48
Q

what year was the 5th amendment ratified

A

1791

49
Q

Takings clause

A
  • 5th amendment

- govt can take private property and convert it to public use

50
Q

martin v waddell

A

-foundation of the public trust doctrine in the US

51
Q

1964 wilderness act

A

-secures the benefits of wilderness for the people and future generations

52
Q

Who are typically trustees of wildlife for the US

A

-legislatures or wildlife commissions

53
Q

Obligations of a wildlife trustee

A
  • understand the needs of the beneficiaries of the trust
  • engage the beneficiaries of the trust
  • consider there in determining goal and objectives
54
Q

stakeholder

A

any person who is significantly affected by, or affects, wildlife management decisions or actions

55
Q

stakeholders are people with:

A

-various interests or stakes

56
Q

Stakes

A

-recreational, cultural, psychological, social, economic, ecological, health and safety impacts

57
Q

stakeholder approaches

A
  • Expert authority
  • Passive-receptive
  • Inquisitive
  • Intermediary
  • Transactional
  • Co-management
58
Q

Expert decision

A
  • top-down

- wildlife mangers make decisons and take actions unilaterally

59
Q

Passive-receptive

A

-when managers welcome stakeholder input, but do not specifically seek it

60
Q

Inquisitive

A

-managers seek info about stakeholders to inform an anticipated management decision

61
Q

Intermediary approach

A

-encourages 2-way communication between stakeholder groups and wildlife managers

62
Q

Transactional approach

A

-used when a choice must be made, range of stakes at hand, choice must prioritize different stakes

63
Q

Key elements of planning

A
  • future control
  • problem solving
  • team effort
  • no single approach
  • adaptive framework
  • intention to implement
64
Q

Major frameworks

A
  • directives and agency guidance
  • enviornmental compliance
  • incentive programs
65
Q

NEPA

A
  • National Environmental Policy ACt
  • requires federal agencies to identify, analyze, describe, and publicly disclose the env impacts associated with federal actuon
66
Q

A ____ is a gathering of males where they display or conduct other courtship behaviors for mating purposes

A

lek

67
Q

wildlife disease can be cause by non-infectous agents such as _____ , a product of coal burning power plants, that is reported to cause negative effects on birds, waterfowl, and bats in NY

A

mercury

68
Q

We would expect the _____ of a population of monogamous species to differ from that of a polygynous species

A

sex ratio

69
Q

_____ is the term for any disease on animals that can be transmitted to humans

A

zoonosis

70
Q

The proportion of individuals in a population that are infected by a particular disease is called the ______

A

prevalence

71
Q

_________is a wildlife disease transmitted from elk to cattle that caused significant effects on both elk and cattle in and around Yellowstone. One management approach that helped manage the disease included _____ the elk population

A

Brucellosis

Reducing

72
Q

when conducting a restoration, we may choose to use a management technique that causes disturbance to the system, such as a prescribed fire, to return the system to an earlier ______ stage

A

successional

73
Q

Wildlife disease can be caused by _____ pathogens including the chytrid pathogen that has affected amphibians and white-nose syndrome in bats

A

fungi

74
Q

Gamma diversity

A

-the set of species that could colonize the restoration site

75
Q

______ are abnormal proteins that can be pathogenic. One disease caused by this is called _______ which causes illness including lethargy, and ultimately death

A

prions

wasting disease

76
Q

Typhus and spotted fever are zoonoses caused by a special kind of bacteria called the _____

A

rickettsia

77
Q

what land compromises the vast majority of land in the US

A

private land

78
Q

alpha diversity

A

richness and evenness of individuals within a unit

79
Q

beta diversity

A

expression of diversity between units(sites or habitats

Wildlife Ecology (3 decks)

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