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Clin Path > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal M:E ratio

A

1: 1
3: 1

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2
Q

M:E ratio of 6 interpretation

A

myeloid hyperplasia and erythroid hypoplasia

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3
Q

Dipstick Vs the SSA test

A

Dipstick measures Alb

SSA measures Alb, Glob, Bence Jones

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4
Q

Decrease PCO2 is related to what respiratory mechanism?

A

Hyperventilation

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5
Q

Selective hypochloremia is related to what acid base disturbance?

A

metabolic alkalosis

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6
Q

Old cat, non reg anemia, hypokalemia, depressed

A

Chronic renal failure

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7
Q

If Alb and Glob decreased consider what differentials

A

blood loss, PLE protein losing enteropathy, exudative skin lesions

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8
Q

If just Alb is decreased consider what differentials

A

glomerular dz or liver failure

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9
Q

If Alb and Chol decreased what differentials

A

PLE or liver failure

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10
Q

If Alb decreased and Chol increased what differentials

A

nephrotic syndrome

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11
Q

If Alb is decreased, fluid leaks out of

A

vessels –> effusion

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12
Q

Vitamin D toxicosis increases what 2 things

A

Increase Phos & Ca

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13
Q

Explain a decrease in PTH response

A

hypomagnesemia bc not enough mg for PTH release which will cause decrease Ca

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14
Q

A decrease of what can cause sz?

A

hypocalcemia

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15
Q

Causes of decreased Ca

A

Vit D deficiency
lack PTH
Intestinal loss
Lack intestinal absorption

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16
Q

Causes of decreased Phos

A

decrease vit D

malabsorption

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17
Q

Cause of Increase ALT

A

liver damage

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18
Q

Cause of Increase CK

A

muscle damage

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19
Q

Cause of decrease Chol

A

malabsorption

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20
Q

Increased BUN results from

A

upper GI bleed

dehydration/ Decreased GFR

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21
Q

Decreased BUN

A

Liver: PSS, hepatic insufficiencyy, intestinal loss of proteins
Renal: decreased H2O reabsorbed in PT

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22
Q

Creatinine is an excellent indicator of

A

GFR
Increase Crea, Decrease GFR
Crea: muscle mass

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23
Q

SMDA is significant why?

A

early indication of Kidney dz

40% loss of renal function

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24
Q

Why is crea a better method of accessing GFR than BUN?

A

BUN is reabsorbed

crea constantly produced my muscle and minimally reabsorbed

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25
Q

What occurs first? polyuria/azotemia

A

polyuria 2/3 loss

azotemia 3/4 loss nephrons

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26
Q

Interpret the USG alongside the

A

hydration status, BUN, crea

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27
Q

The USG is the ability for patient to

A

concentrate

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28
Q

Prerenal azotemia

A

decreased GFR: dehydration
increased urea production: upper GI bleed
increased crea, BUN, SG

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29
Q

Renal azotemia

A

isosthenuria
Increase BUN, crea
Decrease SG

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30
Q

Postrenal azotemia

A

Urolithiasis: male castrated blocked cats
Uroabdomen
increased BUN, Crea
straining to urinate, distended abd

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31
Q

Lymphoma and anal gland carcinoma cause what? Lead to what?

A

increased secretion of Ca

renal dz

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32
Q

What is always in uroabdomen?

A

Decrease Na & Cl
Increase K
more common in males

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33
Q

Differentiate from chronic renal failure & acute

A

speed of development, not severity

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34
Q

Isosthenuria

A

1008 1012

kidneys arent adding or taking away solutes (not actively working)

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35
Q

Selective hypochloremia acid base disturbance is

A

metabolic alkalosis

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36
Q

What is increased in uroabdomen urine

A

increased crea, urea, K

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37
Q

What breed is prone to glomerular dz

A

wheaten terriers

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38
Q

What is found with glomerularnephropathy?

A

hypoalbuminemia & hypercoagulatbility

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39
Q

Main protein in proteinuria

A

albumin

40
Q

most common proteinuria

A

postrenal due to
hemorrhage
inflam

41
Q

Most severe proteinuria

A

glomerular

will see low alb!!!

42
Q

Red urine that clears w/ centrifuge

A

hematuria (RBCs)

43
Q

Hemoglobinuria is from

A

hemolysis, look for anemia

pink/red serum

44
Q

Myoglobinuria is from

A

muscle injury, look for increase muscle enzymes (CK, AST)

45
Q

Trace or plus 1 bili is normal in…

A

dogs

46
Q

Hypersthenuria is considered normal in….

A

dogs

47
Q

Calcium carbonate is normal in what species

A

horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats

48
Q

What may cause a false elevation in potassium in a sample?

A

contamination with EDTA. Ca & Mg low

49
Q

Persistant lymphocytosis of small lymphocytes is most commonly the result of

A

lymphoma or leukemia

50
Q

What is needed to conc urine?

A

Na, ADH, Urea

51
Q

Where is aldosterone located? ADH?

A

aldosterone: loop henle
ADH: collecting duct

52
Q

Differentiate EPI from

A

MALABSORPTION

53
Q

Most common cause of EPI in cats

A

recurrent bouts of pancreatitis

54
Q

Maldigestion data (3 things decreased)

A

TP, Alb, Glob decreased

55
Q

Increased folate leads to

A

bact overgrowth

56
Q

Decreased folate, decreased cobalamin =

A

intestinal malabsorption

57
Q

Decrease TLI and serum cobalamin =

A

EPI exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

58
Q

Cat with EPI

A

cant produce intrinsic factor from pancreas so decrease B12

59
Q

Decrease PTH with very low Ca means that

A

it isnt working bc PTH should increase Ca

60
Q

Increased Chol & pancreatitis think….

A

bile duct obstruction

61
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism aka Addisons dz

A

lymphocytosis
Decreased Na, Increased K
mild hypercalcemia

62
Q

As alb decreases, so does

A

Ca

63
Q

Ethylene glycol patients are very

A

acidodic

increased ionized Ca

64
Q

Increased K, Ca, Phos
renal azotemia
non reg anemia
inflam

A

end stage renal dz

65
Q

Addisons: will see an electrolyte imbalance of

A

hyponatremia

66
Q

Hypomagnesium

A

lost through GI tract and kidney

hypercalcemia inhibits Mg reabsorption

67
Q

Hypermagnesium

A

compromised renal function

68
Q

Glucocorticoids can ___ blood glucose

A

increase

most common cause of hyperglycemia causing inhibition of insulin binding and insulin action

69
Q

Typical case of insulinomas

A

older dog with intermittent periods of weakness

70
Q

Glucosuria is a sign of

A

DM

71
Q

Cattle get both proximal duodenal obstruction and abomasal volvulus. Which shows hypergylcemia?

A

PDO

increase glucose

72
Q

How do we rule out excitement to ensure its diabetes?

A

fructosamine

73
Q

Induced enzymes

A

ALP, GGT

detect cholestasis

74
Q

CK

A

muscle specific

downer cow

75
Q

Leakage enzymes

A

detect hepatocellular injury

ALT, AST, SDH, GLDH, CK

76
Q

ALT

A

liver specific
2x increase
young dogs PSS
old chronic hepatitis

77
Q

AST

A

liver and muscle origin
assess CK levels
prolonged (heart attack)

78
Q

Large animals
ALT
SDH

A

ALT more muscle

SDH liver specific (hepatocellular damage)

79
Q

ALP

A

bone, liver, corticosteriod

cholestasis with increase bili

80
Q

GGT

A

induced with cholestasis

81
Q

Cholestasis

A

induced enzymes increased
serum bili increased
bile acids increased

82
Q

Substances removed by the liver

A

bilirubin
bile acids
chol
ammonia

83
Q

Bilirubin

A

breakdown product of hemoglobin

increase: cholestasis

84
Q

Bile acids

A

made by liver from cholesterol and stored in gallbladder

use when suspected liver dz or PSS

85
Q

Albumin

A

chronic liver dz

86
Q

Globulin

A

chronic liver dz

87
Q

Cholesterol
increased by
decreased by

A

increased by cholestasis

decreased by liver failure

88
Q

Most common liver dz in dogs

breed?

A

Primary Chronic Hapatitis

Cu storage terriers

89
Q

Amylase

A

not specific for pancreatic injury

but 3-4x increase

90
Q

Lipase

A

not specific for pancreatic injury

but 2x increase

91
Q

TLI is used to dx

A

EPI exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

92
Q

PLI is used to dx

A

pancreatitis

93
Q

Mini schnauzers prone to

A

pancreatitis and primary hyperlipidemia

94
Q

Predisposing factor to EPI

A

inflam bowel dz

95
Q

Nephrotic syndrome does what to chol?

A

increase

Clin Path (6 decks)

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