Exam 2 Flashcards by Crimson Cuppernell

Normal M:E ratio

1: 1
3: 1

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M:E ratio of 6 interpretation

myeloid hyperplasia and erythroid hypoplasia

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Dipstick Vs the SSA test

Dipstick measures Alb

SSA measures Alb, Glob, Bence Jones

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Decrease PCO2 is related to what respiratory mechanism?

Hyperventilation

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Selective hypochloremia is related to what acid base disturbance?

metabolic alkalosis

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Old cat, non reg anemia, hypokalemia, depressed

Chronic renal failure

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If Alb and Glob decreased consider what differentials

blood loss, PLE protein losing enteropathy, exudative skin lesions

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If just Alb is decreased consider what differentials

glomerular dz or liver failure

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If Alb and Chol decreased what differentials

PLE or liver failure

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If Alb decreased and Chol increased what differentials

nephrotic syndrome

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If Alb is decreased, fluid leaks out of

vessels –> effusion

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Vitamin D toxicosis increases what 2 things

Increase Phos & Ca

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Explain a decrease in PTH response

hypomagnesemia bc not enough mg for PTH release which will cause decrease Ca

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A decrease of what can cause sz?

hypocalcemia

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Causes of decreased Ca

Vit D deficiency
lack PTH
Intestinal loss
Lack intestinal absorption

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Causes of decreased Phos

decrease vit D

malabsorption

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Cause of Increase ALT

liver damage

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Cause of Increase CK

muscle damage

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Cause of decrease Chol

malabsorption

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Increased BUN results from

upper GI bleed

dehydration/ Decreased GFR

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Decreased BUN

Liver: PSS, hepatic insufficiencyy, intestinal loss of proteins
Renal: decreased H2O reabsorbed in PT

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Creatinine is an excellent indicator of

GFR
Increase Crea, Decrease GFR
Crea: muscle mass

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SMDA is significant why?

early indication of Kidney dz

40% loss of renal function

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Why is crea a better method of accessing GFR than BUN?

BUN is reabsorbed

crea constantly produced my muscle and minimally reabsorbed

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What occurs first? polyuria/azotemia

polyuria 2/3 loss | azotemia 3/4 loss nephrons

Interpret the USG alongside the

hydration status, BUN, crea

The USG is the ability for patient to

concentrate

Prerenal azotemia

decreased GFR: dehydration increased urea production: upper GI bleed increased crea, BUN, SG

Renal azotemia

isosthenuria Increase BUN, crea Decrease SG

Postrenal azotemia

Urolithiasis: male castrated blocked cats Uroabdomen increased BUN, Crea straining to urinate, distended abd

Lymphoma and anal gland carcinoma cause what? Lead to what?

increased secretion of Ca | renal dz

What is always in uroabdomen?

Decrease Na & Cl Increase K more common in males

Differentiate from chronic renal failure & acute

speed of development, not severity

Isosthenuria

1008 1012 | kidneys arent adding or taking away solutes (not actively working)

Selective hypochloremia acid base disturbance is

metabolic alkalosis

What is increased in uroabdomen urine

increased crea, urea, K

What breed is prone to glomerular dz

wheaten terriers

What is found with glomerularnephropathy?

hypoalbuminemia & hypercoagulatbility

Main protein in proteinuria

albumin

most common proteinuria

postrenal due to hemorrhage inflam

Most severe proteinuria

glomerular | will see low alb!!!

Red urine that clears w/ centrifuge

hematuria (RBCs)

Hemoglobinuria is from

hemolysis, look for anemia | pink/red serum

Myoglobinuria is from

muscle injury, look for increase muscle enzymes (CK, AST)

Trace or plus 1 bili is normal in...

dogs

Hypersthenuria is considered normal in....

dogs

Calcium carbonate is normal in what species

horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats

What may cause a false elevation in potassium in a sample?

contamination with EDTA. Ca & Mg low

Persistant lymphocytosis of small lymphocytes is most commonly the result of

lymphoma or leukemia

What is needed to conc urine?

Na, ADH, Urea

Where is aldosterone located? ADH?

aldosterone: loop henle ADH: collecting duct

Differentiate EPI from

MALABSORPTION

Most common cause of EPI in cats

recurrent bouts of pancreatitis

Maldigestion data (3 things decreased)

TP, Alb, Glob decreased

Increased folate leads to

bact overgrowth

Decreased folate, decreased cobalamin =

intestinal malabsorption

Decrease TLI and serum cobalamin =

EPI exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Cat with EPI

cant produce intrinsic factor from pancreas so decrease B12

Decrease PTH with very low Ca means that

it isnt working bc PTH should increase Ca

Increased Chol & pancreatitis think....

bile duct obstruction

Hypoadrenocorticism aka Addisons dz

lymphocytosis Decreased Na, Increased K mild hypercalcemia

As alb decreases, so does

Ethylene glycol patients are very

acidodic | increased ionized Ca

Increased K, Ca, Phos renal azotemia non reg anemia inflam

end stage renal dz

Addisons: will see an electrolyte imbalance of

hyponatremia

Hypomagnesium

lost through GI tract and kidney | hypercalcemia inhibits Mg reabsorption

Hypermagnesium

compromised renal function

Glucocorticoids can ___ blood glucose

increase | most common cause of hyperglycemia causing inhibition of insulin binding and insulin action

Typical case of insulinomas

older dog with intermittent periods of weakness

Glucosuria is a sign of

Cattle get both proximal duodenal obstruction and abomasal volvulus. Which shows hypergylcemia?

PDO | increase glucose

How do we rule out excitement to ensure its diabetes?

fructosamine

Induced enzymes

ALP, GGT | detect cholestasis

muscle specific | downer cow

Leakage enzymes

detect hepatocellular injury | ALT, AST, SDH, GLDH, CK

ALT

liver specific 2x increase young dogs PSS old chronic hepatitis

AST

liver and muscle origin assess CK levels prolonged (heart attack)

Large animals ALT SDH

ALT more muscle | SDH liver specific (hepatocellular damage)

ALP

bone, liver, corticosteriod | cholestasis with increase bili

GGT

induced with cholestasis

Cholestasis

induced enzymes increased serum bili increased bile acids increased

Substances removed by the liver

bilirubin bile acids chol ammonia

Bilirubin

breakdown product of hemoglobin | increase: cholestasis

Bile acids

made by liver from cholesterol and stored in gallbladder | use when suspected liver dz or PSS

Albumin

chronic liver dz

Globulin

chronic liver dz

Cholesterol increased by decreased by

increased by cholestasis | decreased by liver failure

Most common liver dz in dogs | breed?

Primary Chronic Hapatitis | Cu storage terriers

Amylase

not specific for pancreatic injury | but 3-4x increase

Lipase

not specific for pancreatic injury | but 2x increase

TLI is used to dx

EPI exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

PLI is used to dx

pancreatitis

Mini schnauzers prone to

pancreatitis and primary hyperlipidemia

Predisposing factor to EPI

inflam bowel dz

Nephrotic syndrome does what to chol?

increase

Exam 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)