Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HHD > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define ovum

A

the female egg required for sexual reproduction (sex cell or gamete)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define sperm

A

the male sex cell required for sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define fertilisation process

A

union of egg and sperm resulting in the formation of the zygote. this occurs in the Fallopian tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define male fertility

A

from puberty until death. sperm produced in the testies and released into the vas deference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define female fertility

A

menstral cycle. the release of oestrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genetic inheritance- gender

A

determined by the X or Y chromosome from the male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genetic inheritance- predisposition to disease

A

potential to get a condition. the environment triggers it. eg. breast cancer or lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

genetic inheritance- genetic disorder

A

malfunction of the genes which cause the offspring to have certain diseases eg. Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define teratogens

A

atmospheric pollutants which are in the environment of the developing foetus that can cause defects in development eg. tobacco smoking can cause low birth weight babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

stages of prenatal development- germinal

A

starts at fertilisation and ends with implantation. from the single cell zygote the cell goes through mitosis and divides into a blastocyst it then impacts into the endometrium once implantation has accuse this stage is over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stages of prenatal development- embryonic

A

starts at implantation and ends at the 8th week. it is characterised by cell differentiation, this is when cells start taking on specialised roles such as heart cells, skin cells and bone cells. this stage is the most ‘critical’ for human development beaches most of the internal and external organs and systems are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stages of prenatal development- foetal

A

starts at the 9th week and continues until birth. it is characterised but rapid growth and other developmental milestones are reached such as ears are fully functioning by the 14-18th week, the placenta is fully developed and functioning at 14th week and sex organs start taking shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

foetus/foetal deaths

A

deaths from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth (embryonic stage until birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neonate/neonatal deaths

A

the death of a newborn baby specifically in the first four weeks after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

perinatal deaths

A

deaths in the first 28 days after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is foetal mortality and main causes

A

foetal mortality relates to the deaths of babies over 20 weeks gestation or weighing at least 400 grams. the main causes are congenital abnormalities, maternal conditions, spontaneous preterm birth an unexplained antepartum deaths.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

congenital abnormalities

A

‘birth defects’ often result from missing or ill formed body structures. they may have a genetic, infectious or environmental origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

unexplained antepartum deaths

A

relates to babies who are born with no sign of life the cause of death is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spontaneous preterm birth

A

relates to births where labour begins without medical intervention between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy. they organs of babies born prematurely are often not developed enough to function properly outside the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

maternal conditions

A

refer to ill health of the mother that contribute to the death of the foetus eg. diabetes, cardiovascular disease and rubella.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

neural tube defects

A

is a casing that encloses the brain and spinal cord during the embryonic stage of development. the edges of the neural tube fuse together in around the third week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

spina bifida

A

occurs when the part of the neural tube that will form the spinal cord fails to fuse. the bones that develop into the spine are unable to form properly leading to an opening in part if the spine through which the spinal cord may protrude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anencephaly

A

occurs when neural tubes does not close at the head and the top part of the brain, skull and scalp are partially or totally missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

enceophalocele

A

occurs when part of the brain and/or surrounding membrane are pushed through an opening in the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Down syndrome

A

characterised by a chromosomal abnormality. they have an extra chromosome which produces a number of symptoms including:
eyes- slight slant
face- rounded and tends to have a flat profile
stature- smaller and weight less at birth. they are also smaller than average during childhood and adulthood
they have slowed intellectual development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the importance of vaccinations

A

vaccinations plays an important role in reducing the spreading of many conditions. the prenatal stage of development is particularly susceptible to many effects if vaccine-preventable diseases. the greatest impact of this disease is during the embryonic stage because major organs an the nervous system are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

example of vaccinations and their effects if not taken

A

rubella- can cause defects in the brain, heart, eyes and ears of the baby. it also increases the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.
influenza- increases the risk of miscarriage, premature birth or still birth and increases the risk of severe illness and death in the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the difference between growth, development and health

A

growth- increases in size
development- changes over time
health- presence of disease or illness of the absence of disease of illness.

29
Q

5 principles of development- one

A

development occurs in an orderly predictable way- experts can predict roughly when certain milestones will our for example learning to walk 9-15months. many aspects of human development require other skills in order to occur eg.putting a sentence together they need to be able to manipulate their vocal cords, know the meaning of the words and articulate the sentence so it makes sense

30
Q

5 principles of development- two

A

development is continual- starts with conception and ends with death. all skills are learnt and milestones achieved between these two events form part of development. the foundation laid in one stage will be built upon in the next.

31
Q

5 principles of development- three

A

there are individual variations in rate and timing of development- many factors influence development such as hormones, genetics, family ect. as a result there will be variations in when milestones are reached and how developed one person is compared to another

32
Q

5 principles of development- four

A

development follows predictable patters- growth and motor skill development follow patterns that are observable

33
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

growth and development that occurs from head dow. 1st gain control of neck muscles results in them being able to hold their head steady. 2nd control over shoulder which allows them to be able to roll over. 3rd control over muscles in torso which allows them to sit

34
Q

proximodistal development

A

occurs from centre/core of the body in an outwards direction. eg. the spin develops first in the uterus followed by the extremities and finally fingers and toes. motor development- when reaching for a toy by using shoulder and torso rotation they are able to move closer to the object.

35
Q

5 principles of development- five

A

development proceeds from simple to complex. once the simple aspects have been obtained they can built on to make the skills more complex eg. learning to crawl before walking.

36
Q

infancy birth to 2 years- physical

A
  • senses develop
  • bones ossify
  • by the first year the infant can support its own body weight
  • reflexes are gradually replaces by controlled movements
  • by age 1 most infants can walk
37
Q

infancy birth to 2 years-intellectual

A
  • collect information by putting things in their mouths
  • word-object association progresses and the infant will recognise the names of favourite things
  • language development is rapid during infancy
38
Q

infancy birth to 2 years-emotional

A
  • infant begins to smile at 6 weeks
  • after 6 months the infant will begin to recognise facial expressions of others such as smile or frowns
  • they begin to enjoy basic games such as peek-a-boo which teaches them sharing and taking turns
39
Q

infancy birth to 2 years-social

A
  • emotional attachment is formed with caregivers within months which helps make them feel secure, safe and loved
  • by 8 months the infant can express anger and happiness and may become frustrated if interrupted in their activity
40
Q

early childhood 2-6yrs- physical

A
  • slow and steady growth
  • bones continue to lengthen and ossify
  • motor skill development continues at a rapid rate
  • fine motor skills progress
  • gross motor skills increase and walking style becomes more fluid and refined
  • coordination improves
41
Q

early childhood 2-6yrs- intellectual

A
  • learn new words and how to use language
  • children begin to question many aspects of the environment
  • their attention span lengthens and knowledge increases
  • they an remember and follow basic instructions
  • can classify objects based on things such as colour
42
Q

early childhood 2-6yrs- emotional

A
  • will begin to develop a sense of empathy and may care for others if they are crying
  • they take pride in achievements and want to show them off to everyone
  • they enjoy positive feedback from others and may become jealous when other children receive attention
43
Q

early childhood 2-6yrs-social

A
  • communication skills and acceptable social behaviour increase as a result of experiences
  • the child will begin to participate in a wider range of family routines such as attending social events, eating at a table and helping with shopping
  • once they start spending time away from there families they start to develop independence and then want to start doing things for themselves such as getting dressed.
44
Q

late childhood 6-12yrs- physical

A
  • the child gains greater control of their body and motor skills develop
  • fine motor skills develop and a child at the beginning of late childhood can write basic sentences
  • more complex gross motor skills refine
  • bones and muscles continue to grow in length and width
45
Q

late childhood 6-12yrs- intellectual

A
  • can follow basic instructions and place objects in logical order or arrange the in numerical value
  • they can start to follow instructions with multiple steps and classify items based on multiple criteria
  • problem solving skills develop and the child begins to focus on ideas rather than objects
  • reading skills develop and by 12 they can read and make sense of age appropriate books.
46
Q

late childhood 6-12yrs- emotional

A
  • control and recognise their emotions
  • become better at conveying emotions in words
  • formed ideas about what they are and are not good at
  • feelings such as self conscious in situations where they feel inadequate
47
Q

late childhood 6-12yrs- social

A
  • beginning school they are exposed to a wide range of social situations
  • sharing,communicaton and conflict resolution develop
  • place importance on being accepted by others
  • morals develop and children acquire a greater sense of whats right or wrong
48
Q

determinants of health positive and negative impact

A

some have a positive affect(protective factors) while others can be negative(risk factors). in most instances health of peoples is affected by several factors(multi causal) including biological,behavioural,physcial environment and social environment

49
Q

biological determinants that effect health-genetics

A

a childs genetics determine gender, genetic conditions(eg. cystic fibrosis), predisposition (eg. asthma ) and hormones- rate and timing of development is triggered by secretions of hormones from the endocrine system

50
Q

biological determinants that effect health-body weight

A

being under weight or over weight or LBW can lead to short and long term health problems
LBW- under 2500gm at birth increases premature death, decreased lung function and decreased exercise capability
underweight- short term effects are low energy and long term effects include fragile bones. it increases lethargy and anaemia
overweight- short term effects include shortness of breath, joint problems and low self esteem. long term include risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes and premature death.

51
Q

behavioural determinants that effect health- eating habits

A

it is important to develop healthy eating habits in early life to get nutrients the infant need to grow and develop properly. the types of foods that should be consumes are wholegrain breads and cereals, vegetables and fruit. complex carbs such as bread are required for energy and fibre intake as well as encouraging a wide variety of nutritious foods

52
Q

behavioural determinants that effect health- oral hygiene

A

oral hygiene is the practice keeping the mouth clean in order to prevent bead brats and maintaining healthy gums and teeth. it effect their individual human development by interfering with speech development and the shaping of the jaw. the pain can cause the child to not go to school and may lose weight because they can’t eat. it can effect the Childs self esteem because it looks bad

53
Q

physical environment- tobacco in the home

A

increases the risk of asthma and other serious chest infections
slower lung growth
reduced immunity
increased risk of meningococcal disease
risk of middle ear infection
increased risk of SIDS in the first year of life

54
Q

physical environment- overcrowded housing

A

puts stress on water supplies, sewage disposal systems and forces people to live in close close proximity. all these factors can result in the spread of infectious diseases which means less likely to go to school and are less likely to participate in physical activities

55
Q

social determinants- junk food advertising

A

promotes unhealthy eating habits by influencing the brands children choose and encourage them to like energy dense salty, sugary or fatty foods. parent should be teaching their children about a healthy balanced diet with exercise and moderations of unhealthy foods.
brand loyalty: refers to creating life long consumers. it is important to junk food companies because a “life lone customer may be worth $100,000 to retailer” making effective ‘cradle to grave’ strategies extremely important

56
Q

common causes of ill health in Australia’s children- asthma

A

is characterised by a narrowing of the airways that result in wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing. it does not cause many deaths in children it most commonly reports chronic conditions and is one of the major reasons for hospitalisation amongst children

57
Q

common causes of ill health in Australia’s children- diabetes

A

type 1 account for around 90% of total diabetes cases. characterised by an inability of the body to effectively transport glucose into the cells to be used for energy.
type 1 generally diagnosed by 15 and is a significant contributor to burden of disease in children. is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. insulin is the hormone responsible for transporting glucose to cells so a lack of this results in high glucose levels

58
Q

Child mortality

A

refers to deaths occurring between the ages of 1 and 14. the major causes of mortality for children are injuries and are accidental in nature. injuries include falls, drowning, suffocation, poisoning, transport accidents and burns. Brain and leukaemia cancer are the most common in children.

59
Q

early adulthood- PIES

A

P- maximum adult height is reached, peak bone mass is achieved, muscle strength reaches its peak, reflexes of the nervous system are at their peak
I- language skills developed, knowledge gained, memory skills formed and the ability to understand and reason is developed
E- how they deal with changes, good role models, forming and maintaining relationships and understand and control emotions
S- career development, selecting a life partner, managing a home and starting a family

60
Q

middle adulthood- PIES

A

P- metabolic rate decreases, number of active cells decrease, bone density is lost and senses of gearing decline
I- knowledge is gained and capacity to store knowledge is built on, life experiences and maturity give them more wisdom
E- self confidence and acceptance, how they handle success and failure, cope with challenges life throws at you.
S- learning how to relate to a partner/ spouse, career achievements, significant friendships , establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living

61
Q

late adulthood-PIES

A

P- facial hair appears on women, physical appearances continue to change , rate of cell replacement slows down, bone density continues to decline.
I- decline in information processing, intellectual abilities decline, knowledge, memory and reaction time decreases.
E- coping with changes, transition form work to retirement, feelings of boredom, loneliness and loss, adjusting to decreasing physical strength.
S- retirement can impact negatively through loss of social contact, coping with reduced income, deciding what to do with extra time and re establishing relationship with their partner

62
Q

health conditions that effect Australian adults- cancer

A

the functioning of the organs and systems affected by cancer are seriously diminished as cancer cells invade and damage the tissues and organs. suffers can experience a range emotions such as anger, denial, shock, sadness, depression and helplessness. socially sufferers may become socially isolated and lonely. it does not only effect the person but their families as well.

63
Q

determinants that effect Australian adults- tobacco smoking

A

smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease due to an increase in the rate of fatty substances being deposited on the material walls, resulting in the narrowing of the arteries. as a result blood flow is reduced to the cardiac muscle of the heart. the nicotine in cigarettes is what causes addiction. short term effects include things such as dizziness, reduced appetite and reduced physical endurance

64
Q

determinants that effect Australian adults- alcohol use

A

overconsumption of alcohol is one of the most cool causes of cirrhosis of the liver. this effects liver functions such as metabolism, production of proteins and filtering of drugs and toxins. it can elevate blood pressure and LDL cholesterol and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.
mental health is effected especially for adults who are prone to mental illnesses such as depression.

65
Q

determinants that effect Australian adults- workplace safety

A

males have higher amounts of injuries due to higher risk occupations. labourers, machinery operators for example
back injuries- makes it difficult for them to carry out normal everyday activities such as going to the toilet, an who is unable to attend work may begin to feel worthless and worry about their future. they may become dependant on on prescription drugs. impacts their ability to maintain relationships.

66
Q

determinants that effect Australian adults-the media

A

the media has allowed health messages to reach a great proportion of the public. messages about infectious disease, cancer, sexual transmitted diseases and access to health care can all be successfully embedded into storylines to provide viewers with valuable information. health improves when people are provided with reliable information in an easy to understand format.

67
Q

federal government strategies- the Australian dietary guidelines

A

these guidelines include information relating to the different food groups and the number of serves that should be consumed from each food group to promote optimal health

68
Q

state and territory government strategies- victorian healthy eating enterprise

A

works to support the prevention of diet related disease in Victoria. it incorporates a range of initiatives being undertaken by the victorian government in partnership with the local government, business, health professionals and communities guided by a shared vision to improve the health and wellbeing of victorians through healthy food consumption.

69
Q

local government strategies- delivered meals service

A

this provides home delivered meals to residence who because of frailty, disability or ill health are unable to prepare their own meals. meals are delivered either hilled for reheating at a later time or hot for immediate consumption. they are delivered by volunteers who monitor the health of the clients and report and concerns back to the office to follow up.

HHD (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions