Adult health and development

Question 1

Early adulthood (19-41st birthday)- physical development

Answer 1

is a time where physical growth is completed and development of muscle, internal organs should be at their peak condition

• maximum adult height is reached
• peak bone mass is achieved
• muscular strength reaches its peak
• reflexes of the nervous system are at their peak

Question 2

early adulthood- intellectual development

Answer 2

involves an increase in knowledge and the ability to think and reason

• memory skills are formed
• ability to reason, solve problems and strategise
• language skills are developed, knowledge gained
• attending university or training programs

Question 3

early adulthood- emotional development

Answer 3

a full range of emotions and learning appropriate ways of dealing with and expressing these emotions

• the ability to cope with changes
• availability of good role models to help Forster an individuals self concept
• forming and maintaining relationships
• forming an identity and developing a sense of self

Question 4

early adulthood- social development

Answer 4

acquiring new roles, responsibilities and expectations both within the family and outside it.

• career development
• selecting a life partner
• managing a home
• starting a family

Question 5

middle adulthood(41 to 65) physical development

Answer 5

the changes in physical development are continuous but vary greatly between individuals. a gradual decline in many physiological functions is evident

• bone density is lost
• the metabolic rate decrease and fat deposits accumulate
• the number of active cells decrease, leading to decreased need for energy.
• senses of hearing declines

Question 6

middle adulthood- social development

Answer 6

• learning hot to relate to a spouse/partner and developing a successful relationship
• establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living
• as children leave home, life priorities change
  increase in divorce rates

Question 7

middle adulthood- emotional development

Answer 7

self confidence and acceptance by the person of who they are and what they want to achieve

• how they cope with failure and success shapes their emotional dev
• accepting and adjusting to physiological changes

Question 8

middle adulthood- intellectual development

Answer 8

the ability to process information and solve problems improve
- life experiences and maturity make older people wiser

Question 9

late adulthood(65 until death)- physical development

Answer 9

the efficiency and working of the body systems continue to decline, physiological changes of older adults become more visible.

• physical appearances continue to change
• rate of cell production slows down
• facial hair grows on women

Question 10

late adulthood- social development

Answer 10

retirement- negative impact and contribute to loss of social contact.

• hoping with reduced income
• deciding what to do with extra time
• re establishing the relationship with their partner.

Question 11

late adulthood- emotional development

Answer 11

the transition form work to retirement impacts on social and emotional development

• feelings of boredom, holiness and loss
• dealing with the death of a spouse causing grief

Question 12

late adulthood- intellectual development

Answer 12

decline in information processing

• knowledge, memory and reaction time are affected by the physiological changes associated with age(eye sight& hearing)
• ‘use it or lose it’ theory

Question 13

define health status

Answer 13

an individual or populations overall health taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels od disease risk factors

Question 14

define life expectancy

Answer 14

an indication of how long a person can expect to live. it is the number of years of life remaining to a person ar a particular age if death rates have not changed.

Question 15

define morbidity

Answer 15

refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

Question 16

mortality

Answer 16

refers to ill health in a population

Question 17

indigenous Australians health status- 11 years less

Answer 17

biological: overweight/obese, hypertension, impaired glucose regulation, lbw babies
behavioural: higher rates of alcohol and smoking, high fat diet, low immunisation rates and low levels of physical activity.
physical environment: poor quality housing, lack of geographical access to health care and recreation activities, poor infrastructure
social: social exclusion, low SES, high rate if food insecurities

Question 18

Rural/ remote areas- life expectancy decreases as level of remoteness increases

Answer 18

biological: higher rates of obesity, lbw babies, blood cholesterol, hypertension
behavioural: make tobacco, drink alcohol and low levels of physical activity
physical environment: greater distances to drive, harsh climates, poor road quality, poorly lit roads and little amount of public transport.
social: high unemployment, low SES, social isolation, decreased amount of health services

Question 19

low SES VS high SES- around 3 years lower

Answer 19

biological: higher obesity rates, hypertension, glucose intolerance levels, lbw babies
behavioural: more likely to smoke, < levels of physical exercise, less likely to consume fruit and vegetables, less likely to breast feed
physical environment: exposure to fast food, poor quality housing, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
Social: low education levels, social exclusion, access to preventative health services, private health.

Question 20

males and females- 5 years less than females

Answer 20

biological: overweight, hypertension, genetics, blood cholesterol levels.
behavioural: smoking, less healthy diets, take more risks, less visits to doctor
Physical environment: exposure to building sites, outdoor work and increased time on roads
social: gender roles, peer pressure, high SES

Question 21

health concern- cancer

Answer 21

Cancer is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells. These cells which divide uncontrollably then form lumps or masses of tissue which we know as tumors. Cancer occurs because usually abnormal cells are destroyed by the immune system but during cancer they are either not recognised as being abnormal or they cannot be destroyed.

Question 22

health. concern- breast cancer

Answer 22

Most breast cancers are caused by genetic abnormality. There are two types of breast cancer which are ductal carinoma which is the most common and begins in the milk ducts. The other is lobular carinoma which starts in the lobules(milk producing glands)

Question 23

protective factors of breast cancer

Answer 23

Behavioual- Regular exercise- women who exercise during post menopause greatly reduce the risks of breast cancer.
Medicine- if breast cancer is known to be genetic there is a medicine called anastrozole which if taken for a few years can reduce the risk of breast cancer.
Diet- a healthy diet has evidence which it can help to prevent cancers such as breast cancer but it does not always work.

Question 24

risk factors of breast cancer

Answer 24

Age: advancing age is a risk factor for many types of cancer.
Body weight: those who have excessive body weight have higher risks of certain cancers including breast cancer.
Physical environment- Tabacco smoking or second hand tabacco smoking : it contains thousands of chemicals and many of these have shown to cause cancer.

Question 25

national breast cancer foundation

Answer 25

National breast cancer foundation- is a leading community-funded organisation in Australia raising money for research into the prevention and cure of breast cancer.
- investigation of new avenues for treatment as well as new applications for existing treatments to improve outcomes for breast cancer patients in the future.