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Chemistry 1110 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrons are described as likely to be found in a specific region of a space called an orbital

A

Quantum Model

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2
Q

Principal quantum number, number, n, row number from the periodic table

A

Energy Level/Shell

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3
Q

s, p, d, or f type, each has a set number of possible orbitals

A

Sublevel/Subshell

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4
Q

Probability map for locating an electron of a certain energy

  • Each type has a specific shape in 3D
  • Can hold up to 2 electrons (of opposite spin)
A

Orbital

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5
Q

The electrons in the highest principal energy level (whole level, largest n value)

A

Valence Electrons

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6
Q

8 electrons in the valence level, atoms tend to react chemically to attain an octet of electrons in the valence level (ns^2np^6)

A

Octet Rule

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7
Q

Sharing valence level electrons to achieve access to an octet

A

Covalent Bonding

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8
Q

How many covalent bonds does hydrogen form?

A

1

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9
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 3A/13 form?

A

3

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10
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 4A/14 form?

A

4

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11
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 5A/15 form?

A

3

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12
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 6A/16 form?

A

2

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13
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 7A/17 form?

A

1

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14
Q

How many covalent bonds does Group 8A/18 form?

A

Does not form covalent bonds

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15
Q

What is the ionic charge of Group 1A/1?

A

1+

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16
Q

What is the ionic charge of Group 2A/2?

A

2+

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17
Q

What is the ionic charge of Al?

A

3+

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18
Q

What is the ionic charge of Ag?

A

1+

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19
Q

What is the ionic charge of Zn?

A

2+

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20
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 3A/13?

A

0

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21
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 4A/14?

A

4+

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22
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 5A/15?

A

3-

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23
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 6A/16?

A

2-

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24
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 7A/17?

A

1-

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25
Q

What is the ionic charge for Group 8A/18?

A

Does not form ions

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26
Q

Atoms transfer electrons (lose/gain) to form ions

A

Ionic Bond

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27
Q

1 pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms

A

Single Bond

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28
Q

2 pairs of electrons shared between 2 atoms

A

Double Bond

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29
Q

3 pairs of electrons shared between 2 atoms

A

Triple Bond

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30
Q

Shared pairs between 2 atoms

A

Bonding Pairs

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31
Q

Pairs unshared on an individual atom

A

Nonbonding/Lone Pairs

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32
Q

Made from 2 types of nonmetal atoms

A

Binary Molecular Compound

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33
Q

mono-

A

1

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34
Q

di-

A

2

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35
Q

tri-

A

3

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36
Q

tetra-

A

4

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37
Q

penta-

A

5

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38
Q

hexa-

A

6

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39
Q

Chemical bonding by electron transfer, between metals and nonmetals

A

Ionic Bonding

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40
Q

Chemical bonding by electron sharing, between different nonmetal atoms

A

Molecular/covalent Bonding

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41
Q

The smallest component of an element

A

Atom

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42
Q

A charged atom

A

Ion

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43
Q

A charged group of bonded atoms

A

Polyatomic Ion

44
Q

6.022 x 10^23

A

Avogadro’s Number also =1 mole

45
Q

Represents the simplest whole ratio of atoms in a compound

A

Empirical Formula

46
Q

Represents the true count of atoms in one molecule

-Will be the same as or a whole number multiple of the empirical formula

A

Molecular Formula

47
Q
  • Tend to be brittle, crystalline
  • Tend to be very high melting solids (usually solids at room temperature)
  • Many are water soluble
  • Act as electrolytes when molten or in water solution
A

Ionic Compounds

48
Q
  • Tend to be soft, powdery, or waxy solids
  • Tend to have moderate melting points
  • Many are gases or liquids at room temperature
  • Some are water soluble and many are insoluble
  • Usually non electrolytes when molten or in water solution
  • Will form molecular crystals with individual molecules when interacting with each other
A

Molecular Compounds

49
Q

Appears uniform in composition, is uniform in composition

A

Homogeneous

50
Q

The component that has the greatest quantity, the dissolving agent

A

Solvent

51
Q

The substance dissolved, all other components

A

Solute

52
Q

Solution where water is the solvent

A

Aqueous

53
Q

Able to be dissolved

A

Soluble

54
Q

Incapable of being dissolved

A

Insoluble

55
Q

Remain intact as whole molecules when dissolved in water

A

Polar molecular

56
Q

Dissociated into ions when dissolved in water

A

Nonpolar molecular

57
Q

“Like dissolves like”

Lots of favorable solute-solvent interactions, solution forms

A

Polar-polar

58
Q

“Like dissolves like”

No solution

A

Polar-nonpolar

59
Q

“Like dissolves like”

Not much solvent-solute interaction, but solution forms

A

Nonpolar-nonpolar

60
Q

Ionic compounds often do dissolve in ionizing solvent and water is one of the only known ionizing solvents, most ionics dissolve in water

A

Ionics-water

61
Q

Conduct an electrical current when molten or in water solution

A

Electrolytes

62
Q

Do not conduct an electrical current even when molten or in water solution

A

Nonelectrolytes

63
Q

Conduct electricity well, many ions present

  • Forms essentially all ions
  • Water soluble ionic compounds
  • Strong acids and bases
A

Strong Electrolytes

64
Q

Do conduct, but not well, few ions present

  • Weak acids and bases
  • Barely soluble ionic compounds
A

Weak Electrolytes

65
Q

Do not conduct an electrical current

  • No ions present
  • Most molecular substances remaining as whole molecules when dissolved in water
A

Nonelectrolytes

66
Q

Study of compounds that contain carbon (will always contain hydrogen and carbon)

A

Organic Chemistry

67
Q

What makes carbon special?

A
  1. Forms up to 4 covalent bonds
  2. Forms very strong covalent bonds
  3. Forms multiple bonds (double and triple bonds, almost no other element does this)
  4. Can combine to form very large arrays in rings, chains, and branched chains by C-C bonding, very unusual
68
Q

Represents the bonding attachments of the atoms within the compound

A

Structural Compound

69
Q

Represents the ratio of atoms within the compound

A

Molecular Formula

70
Q

Different compounds that are related by having the same molecular formula

A

Isomers

71
Q

Different momentary rotations of the same molecule

A

Conformers

72
Q

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbon

73
Q

Carbons linked consecutively in one line

A

Straight Chain

74
Q

At least 1 carbon group hanging off the main chain

A

Branched Structure

75
Q

A closed geometric shape that is made from at least some of the carbons

A

Ring/Cyclic Structure

76
Q

A ring structure which contains an atom other than carbon as an integral (direct) part of the ring itself

A

Heterocyclic

77
Q

An atom other than carbon or hydrogen in an organic compound

A

Heteroatom

78
Q

Specific atom, or usually a cluster of atoms, responsible for creating properties and reactions of a specific type of atom

A

Functional Group

79
Q

Single bonds between carbons, hydrocarbons only

A

Alkanes

80
Q

At least 1 carbon to carbon double bond, hydrocarbons only

A

Alkenes

81
Q

At least 1 carbon to carbon triple bond, hydrocarbons only

A

Alkynes

82
Q

A 6-membered ring with alternating single and double carbon to carbon bonds, only hydrocarbons

A

Aromatic

83
Q

A carbon single bonded to an oxygen single bonded to an hydrogen; C, H, O

A

Alcohol

84
Q

An alcohol where the carbon with the OH on it is a direct part of an aromatic ring; C, H, O

A

Phenol

85
Q

An oxygen single bonded to 2 carbons; C, H, O

A

Ether

86
Q

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen with at least 1 of the remaining 2 bonds from carbon being a single bond to hydrogen; C, H, O

A

Aldehyde

87
Q

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen with both of the remaining 2 bonds from carbon being single bonds to another carbon; C, H, O

A

Ketone

88
Q

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and that same carbon single bonded to another oxygen that is then single bonded to a carbon; C, H, O

A

Carboxylic Acid

89
Q

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and that same carbon is single bonded to an oxygen that is then single bonded to a carbon; C, H, O

A

Ester

90
Q

A nitrogen that is single bonded to at least 1, and up to 3, carbons; C, H, N

A

Amine

91
Q

A carbon that is double bonded to an oxygen and that same carbon is single bonded to a nitrogen; C, H, N

A

Amide

92
Q

Polyhydroxyl aldehydes or ketones (many alcohols, ketones, aldehydes)

A

Simple Carbohydrates

93
Q

Have both carboxylic acids and amino (amine) groups

A

Amino Acids

94
Q

Amino acids that are linked together

A

Peptides

95
Q

Polyamides (polypeptides)

A

Proteins

96
Q

Long carboxylic acids–usually long chains of carbon

A

Fatty Acids

97
Q

Triesters of the alcohol glycerol

A

Fats and Oils

98
Q

Same side, as in both below or above

A

Cis

99
Q

Opposite sides, as in one below and one above

A

Trans

100
Q

An organic molecule that is carbon singly bonded (tetrahedral carbon) to 4 different atoms or clusters of atoms

A

Chiral Carbon

101
Q

The amount of a specific product actually obtained from a reaction, an experimental measurement, what is collected

A

Actual Yield

102
Q

Obtained from the balanced equation and a stoichiometry calculation; what is possible to get

A

Theoretical Yield

103
Q

The proportion of the maximum possible yield and the actual obtained yield as a %

A

Percent Yield

104
Q

May mean a poor technique was involved, may mean the reaction itself did not go to completion

A

Low % Yield

105
Q

The reaction did go to completion and careful technique was used

A

High % Yield

Chemistry 1110 (3 decks)

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